Sugar chain-related gene and use thereof

ABSTRACT

As a result of dedicated studies, the present inventors succeeded in discovering, for the first time, that fibrogenesis could be suppressed at the physiological tissue level by inhibiting sulfation at position 4 or 6 of GalNAc, which is a sugar that constitutes sugar chains. Furthermore, the present inventors conducted studies using various disease model animals, and as a result, successfully demonstrated that inhibitors of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of GalNAc had therapeutic effects on diseases caused by tissue fibrogenesis (tissue fibrogenic disorders).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to inhibitors of fibrogenesis at the physiological tissue level by inhibiting sugar chain-related genes.

BACKGROUND ART

Intensive studies have been conducted on nucleic acids and proteins, revealing many findings. However, these studies also showed that there are only about 22,000 human genes and also that post-translational modification of proteins plays an important role in vivo. They also suggested limitations of conventional study approaches. In recent years, the importance of sugar chains has been rediscovered with the post-genome and post-proteomics trends (the journal “Nature” extensively featured sugar chains in Vol. 446 published in Apr. 26, 2007 (Non-patent Documents 1 to 7). Sugar chains have not been analyzed intensively because of the difficulty to perform structural analysis, etc. Although they are assumed to be involved in cancer, inflammation, immunity, viral infection, etc., at present, little is known about their roles and such, and therefore, elucidation is being awaited.

There are various known sugars (monosaccharides) that constitute sugar chains. Such known sugars include, for example, glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man), glucuronic acid (GlcUA), iduronic acid (IdoA), fucose (Fuc), glucosamine (GlcN), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), xylose (Xyl), and sialic acid (SA).

Furthermore, it has been reported that sugars constituting sugar chains are subject to a variety of chemical modifications. Such chemical modifications include, for example, methylation, acetylation, formylation, myristoylation, amidation, ubiquitination, acylation, phosphorylation, epimerization, and sulfation. Examples of chemical modifications also include sialylation, asialylation, fucosylation, glycosylation, galactosylation, lactosylation, and mannosylation.

Sugars have a number of sites for such chemical modifications. For example, it is known that GlcNAc can be chemically-modified in any of carbons at positions 1 to 6. It is reported that other sugars are also chemically-modified at various sites.

-   [Non-patent Document 1] Danica P. Galonic and David Y. Gin, Nature     446: 1000-1007 (2007) -   [Non-patent Document 2] Christopher J. Thibodeaux et al., Nature     446: 1008-1016 (2007) -   [Non-patent Document 3] Gerald W. Hart et al., Nature 446: 1017-1022     (2007) -   [Non-patent Document 4] Ajit Varki, Nature 446: 1023-1029 (2007) -   [Non-patent Document 5] Joseph R. Bishop et al., Nature 446:     1030-1037 (2007) -   [Non-patent Document 6] Christopher N. et al., Nature 446: 1038-1045     (2007) -   [Non-patent Document 7] Peter H. Seeberger and Daniel B. Werz,     Nature 446: 1046-1051 (2007)

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

The present invention is based on a new finding obtained through studies on sugar chain-related genes. An objective of the present invention is to provide novel uses of sugar chain-related genes. Specifically, the objective is to provide agents that suppress fibrogenesis at the physiological tissue level by inhibiting the function of sugar chain-related genes, and methods of screening for the agents.

Means for Solving the Problems

Sugar chains have been suggested to play a very important role in vivo. However, little is known about the in vivo functions of sugar chains.

As described above, several types of sugars constituting sugar chains are known. Sugars are variously chemically-modified at multiple sites, and such modifications are considered to assume important physiological effects in vivo.

As described above, there are various types of sugars that constitute sugar chains, many types of chemical modifications that target sugars, and many chemical modification sites in the sugars. This suggests that possible sugar chain variations are innumerable. Thus, it is very difficult to determine a sugar chain structure that plays a certain role, and it is also extremely difficult to reveal the relationship between a pathological condition caused by a disease and a specific action of a sugar chain.

The present inventors conducted dedicated studies, and as a result succeeded for the first time in discovering that tissue fibrogenesis can be suppressed at the physiological level by inhibiting sulfation at position 4 or 6 of GalNAc, a sugar that constitutes sugar chains. Furthermore, by studies using various animal disease models, the present inventors demonstrated that inhibitors of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of GalNAc produce therapeutic effects against diseases caused by tissue fibrogenesis (tissue fibrogenic disorders).

The present invention relates to agents that suppress fibrogenesis at the physiological tissue level by inhibiting the functions of sugar chain-related genes, and methods of screening for the agents. Specifically, the present invention provides:

[1] a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises as an ingredient an inhibitor of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

[2] the agent of [1], which has an effect of suppressing fibrogenesis of a physiological tissue;

[3] the agent of [1] or [2], wherein the inhibitor has the activity of inhibiting the function of a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

[4] the agent of [3], wherein the inhibitor is an siRNA that suppresses the expression of the sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

[5] the agent of [1] or [2], wherein the inhibitor is a desulfating enzyme that desulfates at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

[6] the agent of any one of [1] to [5] for treating or preventing a fibrogenic disorder;

[7] a method of screening for a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises the step of selecting a compound that inhibits sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine that constitutes a sugar chain;

[8] a method of screening for a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises the steps of:

contacting a test compound with N-acetylgalactosamine or a sugar chain comprising N-acetylgalactosamine;

(b) determining the degree of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine; and

(c) selecting a compound that reduces the degree of sulfation as compared to when the test compound is not contacted;

[9] a method of screening for a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises the steps of:

(a) contacting a test compound with a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

(b) determining the sulfotransferase activity of the enzyme; and

(c) selecting a compound that reduces the activity as compared to when the test compound is not contacted;

[10] a method of screening for a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises the steps of:

(a) contacting a test compound with a cell expressing a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

(b) determining the expression level of the gene in the cell; and

(c) selecting a compound that reduces the expression level of the gene as compared to when the test compound is not contacted;

[11] a method of screening for a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises the steps of:

(a) contacting a test compound with a cell or cell extract containing a DNA wherein a reporter gene is operably linked to the transcriptional regulatory region of the gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

(b) determining the expression level of the reporter gene; and

(c) selecting a compound that reduces the expression level of the reporter gene as compared to when the test compound is not contacted; and

[12] a method of producing a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing a fibrogenic disorder, which comprises the steps of:

(a) selecting a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent from test compounds by the method of any one of claims 7 to 11; and

(b) combining the agent with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention also provides:

[13] a method of suppressing tissue fibrogenesis, which comprises the step of administering an inhibitor of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine to an individual;

[14] use of an inhibitor of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine in the manufacture of a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent; and

[15] an inhibitor of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine for use in suppressing tissue fibrogenesis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the result of quantitative reverse transcription PCR method for gene expressions of cardiomyopathy model mice in which cardiomyopathy was induced by intratracheal administration of DOX. The examined items were GalNAc4S-6ST as an siRNA target gene, and—SMA and type I collagen, both of which are fibrogenesis markers. The graph indicates relative ratios between a target gene and a house keeping gene (ribosome 18S). *P<0.001 (t-test)

FIG. 2 shows the result analyzing the heart weight/body weight ratio of cardiomyopathy model mice in which cardiomyopathy was induced by intraperitoneal administration of Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX; Kyowa Hakko). *P<0.05 (t-test)

FIG. 3 depicts photographs showing histological observations indicating the suppressive effect on type I collagen deposition in an siRNA-treated group of cardiomyopathy model mice in which cardiomyopathy was induced by intratracheal administration of DOX. The magnification is 100 fold.

FIG. 4 depicts photographs showing histological observations indicating the suppressive effect on type III collagen deposition in an siRNA-treated group of cardiomyopathy model mice in which cardiomyopathy was induced by intratracheal administration of DOX. The magnification is 100 fold.

FIG. 5 depicts photographs showing the suppressive effect on fibroblast accumulation in an siRNA-treated group of cardiomyopathy model mice in which cardiomyopathy was induced by intratracheal administration of DOX. The magnification is 50 fold.

FIG. 6 depicts graphs showing clinical features of a mouse intestinal fibrogenesis model, in which intestinal fibrogenesis was induced by DSS. The administration of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA resulted in significant reduction of clinical score (left) and colon shortening (right).

FIG. 7 depicts graphs showing the expression of fibrogenesis-related genes in a mouse intestinal fibrogenesis model. GalNAc4S-6ST, and α-SMA and type I collagen, both of which are fibrogenesis markers, were assessed for the expression in colonic tissue. The graphs indicate relative ratios between a target gene and a house keeping gene (ribosome 18S). The enhanced expression of type I collagen (left, bottom) and α-SMA (right, bottom) is significantly suppressed due to the silencing effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA (upper).

FIG. 8 depicts photographs showing collagen deposition in a mouse intestinal fibrogenesis model. Images of Masson-stained colonic tissues (blue). The magnification is 100 fold. GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA reduces the collagen deposition in tissues.

FIG. 9 depicts photographs showing fibroblast infiltration in a mouse model for intestinal fibrogenesis. Images of stained fibroblasts (brown) in colonic tissues. The magnification is 100 fold. GalNAc 4S-6ST siRNA suppresses the full-thickness infiltration of fibroblasts.

FIG. 10 depicts photographs showing images of macrophage infiltration in a mouse intestinal fibrogenesis model. Images of stained macrophages (brown) in colonic tissues. Magnification: 100×. GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA suppresses the full-thickness infiltration of macrophages.

FIG. 11 depicts a graph showing colon lengths in a mouse intestinal fibrogenesis model. GalNAc4ST siRNA significantly suppresses colon shortening.

FIG. 12 depicts photographs showing clinical images of a mouse emphysema model, in which emphysema was induced by PPE. C6ST-1 siRNA administration significantly suppresses the histological disruption of the pulmonary alveolar wall. Magnification: 100×.

FIG. 13 depicts graphs showing the expression of fibrogenesis-related genes in a mouse emphysema model. GalNAc4S-6ST, and α-SMA and type I collagen, both of which are fibrogenesis markers, were assessed for the expression in pulmonary tissues. The graphs indicate relative ratios between a target gene and a house keeping gene (ribosome 18S). The enhanced expression of type I collagen (middle) and α-SMA (right) is significantly suppressed due to the silencing effect of C6ST-1 siRNA (left).

FIG. 14 depicts photographs showing fibroblast infiltration in a mouse emphysema model. Images of stained fibroblasts (brown) in pulmonary tissues. Magnification: 200×. C6ST-1 siRNA suppresses fibroblast infiltration into the pulmonary alveolar interstitium.

FIG. 15 depicts photographs showing images of macrophage infiltration in a mouse emphysema model. Images of stained macrophages (brown) in pulmonary tissues. Magnification: 200×. C6ST-1 siRNA suppresses macrophage infiltration into the pulmonary alveolar interstitium.

FIG. 16 depicts a graph showing static lung compliance (Cst) in a mouse emphysema model. C6ST-1 siRNA significantly reduces Cst.

FIG. 17 depicts a graph showing the right lung volume (μl) in a mouse emphysema model. C6ST-1 siRNA significantly reduces lung volume.

FIG. 18 depicts graphs showing the expression of fibrogenesis-related genes in a mouse emphysema model. α-SMA, type I collagen, and TGF-β, which are fibrogenesis markers, were assessed for the expression in pulmonary tissues. The graphs indicate relative ratios between a target gene and a house keeping gene (ribosome 18S). The enhanced expression of each fibrogenesis marker is significantly suppressed due to the silencing effect of GalNAcST siRNA.

FIG. 19 depicts a graph showing static lung compliance (Cst) in a mouse emphysema model. GalNAcST siRNA significantly reduces Cst.

FIG. 20 depicts a graph showing the right lung volume (1) in a mouse emphysema model. GalNAcST siRNA significantly reduces lung volume.

FIG. 21 depicts a graph showing obesity changes in a mouse type 2 diabetes model. C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs tends to suppress obesity. C4ST-2 and C4ST-3 siRNAs produce a significant anti-obesity effect.

FIG. 22 depicts a graph showing insulin resistance in a mouse type 2 diabetes model. C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs significantly improve insulin resistance.

FIG. 23 depicts photographs showing gene expressions in pancreatic tissues in a mouse type 2 diabetes model. C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs suppress the expression of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 genes in pancreatic tissues.

FIG. 24 depicts photographs showing APP deposition in pancreatic islets in a mouse type 2 diabetes model. C4ST-2 siRNA suppresses the deposition of APP (green) in islets. Cell nucleus (red); magnification: 400×.

FIG. 25 depicts photographs showing fibroblast infiltration in pancreatic islets in a mouse type 2 diabetes model. C4ST-1, C4ST-2, C4ST-3 siRNAs suppress fibroblast infiltration (brown) into islets. Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 26 depicts photographs showing macrophage infiltration into pancreatic islets in a mouse type 2 diabetes model. C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs suppress macrophage infiltration (brown) into islets. Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 27 depicts a graph showing insulin resistance in a mouse type 2 diabetes model. GalNAcST siRNA administration decreases the blood glucose level well after insulin loading. Specifically, this shows the improvement of insulin resistance.

FIG. 28 depicts a graph and photographs showing the accumulation of fibroblasts in the interstitium of kidney tissue in a mouse diabetic nephropathy model. C4ST-1 siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of fibroblasts (brown). Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 29 depicts a graph and photographs showing the accumulation of macrophages in the interstitium of kidney tissue in a mouse model for diabetic nephropathy. C4ST-1 siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of macrophages (brown). Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 30 depicts photographs showing the accumulation of αSMA-positive cells in the interstitium of kidney tissue in a mouse diabetic nephropathy model. C4ST-1 siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of αSMA-positive cells. Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 31 depicts graphs showing an anti-fibrogenic effect in a mouse diabetic nephropathy model. GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA administration significantly suppresses the enhanced expression of GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1), αSMA, and TGFβ in kidney tissues. ARB; angiotensin receptor antagonist (Valsartan).

FIG. 32 depicts a graph and photographs showing fibroblast accumulation in the interstitium of kidney tissue in a mouse diabetic nephropathy model. GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of fibroblasts (brown). Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 33 depicts a graph and photographs showing macrophage accumulation in the interstitium of kidney tissue in a mouse diabetic nephropathy model. GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of macrophages (brown). Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 34 depicts a graph and photographs showing the accumulation of type IV collagen in a mouse diabetic nephropathy model. GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly suppresses the thickening of glomerular basement membrane, which can be confirmed by the positivity for type IV collagen (brown). Magnification: 400×.

FIG. 35 depicts graphs showing the renal protective effect in a mouse diabetic nephropathy model. GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly suppresses the enhanced expression of angiotensinogen and ACE in kidney tissues.

FIG. 36 depicts a graph showing the renal function protective effect in a mouse diabetic nephropathy model. GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly suppresses the increase of serum creatinine, i.e., suppresses decline of renal function.

FIG. 37 depicts graphs showing gene expression in a mouse model for diabetic nephropathy. GalNAcST siRNA significantly suppresses the enhanced expression of GalNAc4ST-1, GalNAc4ST-2, and GalNAc4S-6ST in kidney tissues.

FIG. 38 depicts graphs showing an anti-fibrogenic effect in a mouse diabetic nephropathy model. GalNAcST siRNA significantly suppresses the enhanced expression of CTGF, αSMA, type I collagen, and ACE in kidney tissues.

FIG. 39 depicts a graph showing gene expression in mice with drug-induced interstitial nephritis. GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly suppresses the enhanced expression of GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1) in kidney tissues.

FIG. 40 depicts photographs showing collagen deposition in mice with drug-induced interstitial nephritis. GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly decreases the deposition of type I collagen (brown) in renal interstitium. Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 41 depicts graphs showing an anti-fibrogenic effect in a mouse UUO fibrogenesis model. C6ST siRNA significantly suppresses the enhanced expression of C6ST-2 (G#10), TGFβ, αSMA, type I collagen, and CTGF in kidney tissues.

FIG. 42 depicts a graph and photographs showing fibroblast accumulation in the interstitium in a mouse UUO fibrogenesis model. C6ST siRNA significantly suppresses fibroblast accumulation (brown) in juxtaglomerular and interstitial area. Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 43 depicts a graph and photographs showing macrophage accumulation in the interstitium in a mouse UUO fibrogenesis model. C6ST siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of macrophages (brown) in juxtaglomerular and interstitial area. Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 44 depicts a graph and photographs showing collagen deposition in a mouse UUO fibrogenesis model. C6ST siRNA significantly suppresses the thickening of glomerular basement membrane, which can be confirmed by the positivity of type IV collagen (brown). Magnification: 400×.

FIG. 45 depicts photographs showing the activation of fibroblasts accumulated in tissues in a mouse UUO fibrogenesis model. C6ST siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of αSMA-positive cells (brown) in juxtaglomerular and interstitial area. Magnification: 400×.

FIG. 46 depicts photographs showing the accumulation of ACE-producing cells in the interstitium in a mouse UUO fibrogenesis model. C6ST siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of ACE-producing cells (brown) in juxtaglomerular and interstitial area. Magnification: 400×.

FIG. 47 depicts photographs showing the tissue accumulation of type IV collagen in a mouse diabetic retinopathy model. GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of type IV collagen. Magnification: 200×. GCL, ganglion cell layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; ONL, external granular layer.

FIG. 48 depicts photographs showing the tissue accumulation of CSPG in a mouse diabetic retinopathy model. GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly suppresses CSPG accumulation (brown). In particular, the suppressing effect is prominent in GCL, ONL, and pigment epithelial cell layer. Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 49 depicts photographs showing GFAP-positive cells in a mouse diabetic retinopathy model. GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly increases GFAP-positive cells (brown) in the region from INL to GCL. Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 50 depicts a graph showing the number of gangliocytes in a mouse diabetic retinopathy model. Counts show the number of gangliocytes in GGL. GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly suppresses the reduction in gangliocyte number.

FIG. 51 depicts graphs showing the optic nerve regeneration effect in a mouse diabetic retinopathy model. GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly increases the expression of GS in ocular tissues.

FIG. 52 depicts a graph showing gene expression in a mouse fatty liver injury model. The enhanced expression of GalNAc4S-6ST in liver tissues, and significant suppression of the expression by GalNAcST siRNA are shown.

FIG. 53 depicts graphs showing the expression of fibrogenesis-related genes in a mouse fatty liver injury model. The enhanced expression of type I collagen and SAM in liver tissues, and significant suppression of the expression by GalNAcST siRNA are shown.

FIG. 54 depicts photographs showing the infiltration of fibrogenic cells in a mouse fatty liver injury model. GalNAcST siRNA suppresses the bridge-like accumulation of fibroblasts (brown) in liver tissues. Magnification: 100×.

FIG. 55 depicts a graph showing clinical scores for fibrogenesis in a mouse fatty liver injury model. GalNAcST siRNA significantly suppresses the increase in the fibrogenesis score in liver tissues.

FIG. 56 depicts photographs showing macrophage infiltration in a mouse fatty liver injury model. GalNAcST siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of macrophages (brown) in liver tissues. Magnification: 100×.

FIG. 57 depicts graphs showing the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in a mouse fatty liver injury model. GalNAcST siRNA significantly suppresses the increased expression of ChREBP and ACC2 in liver tissues.

FIG. 58 depicts photographs showing the infiltration of fibrogenic cells in a mouse fatty liver injury model. C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs suppress the bridge-like accumulation of fibroblasts (brown) in liver tissues. Magnification: 100×.

FIG. 59 depicts a graph showing clinical scores for fibrogenesis in a mouse fatty liver injury model. C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs significantly suppress the increase in the fibrogenesis score in liver tissues.

FIG. 60 depicts a graph showing clinical hepatic disorder in a mouse fatty liver injury model. C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs suppress the increase in ALT, which is an indicator of hepatocyte disorder.

FIG. 61 depicts photographs showing the infiltration of fibroblasts in a mouse hepatic fibrosis model. C6ST siRNA significantly suppresses the accumulation of fibroblasts (brown) in liver tissues. Magnification: 50×.

FIG. 62 depicts a graph showing clinical scores for fibrogenesis in a mouse hepatic fibrosis model. C6ST siRNA significantly suppresses the increase in the clinical fibrogenesis score in liver tissues.

FIG. 63 depicts graphs showing the anti-fibrogenic effect in a mouse hepatic fibrosis model. C6ST siRNA significantly suppresses the expression of αSMA, type I collagen, CTGF, and TGFβ.

FIG. 64 depicts graphs showing the anti-fibrogenic effect in a mouse Parkinson's disease model. GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA significantly suppresses the expression of GalNAc4S-6ST, TGFβ, type I collagen, and αSMA in brain tissues.

FIG. 65 depicts photographs showing the accumulation of fibroblasts in a mouse Parkinson's disease model. GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA drastically decreases the accumulation of fibroblasts (brown) in brain tissues. Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 66 depicts graphs showing the nerve protective effect in a mouse Parkinson's disease model. GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA significantly enhances the expression of GDNF and Nurr1.

FIG. 67 depicts photographs showing the dopamine neuron regeneration effect in a mouse Parkinson's disease model. GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA suppresses the degeneration of TH-positive dopamine neurons (green). Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 68 depicts photographs showing the dopamine neuron regeneration effect in a mouse Parkinson's disease model. GalNAc4ST siRNA suppresses the degeneration of TH-positive dopamine neurons (green). Magnification: 200×.

FIG. 69 depicts photographs showing the CSPG-reducing effect of C4-sulfatase in a mouse type 2 diabetic retinopathy model. The photographs show images of stained CSPG (CS56) (brown, arrow) in the retina of type 2 diabetic retinopathy model mice.

FIG. 70 depicts photographs showing the angiogenesis-suppressing effect of C4-sulfatase in a mouse type 2 diabetic retinopathy model. The photographs show images of stained vascular endothelial cells (CD31) (brown, arrow) in the retina of type 2 diabetic retinopathy model mice.

FIG. 71 depicts photographs showing the collagen augmentation-suppressing effect of C4-sulfatase in a mouse type 2 diabetic retinopathy model. The photographs show images of stained type IV collagen (brown, arrow) in the retina of type 2 diabetic retinopathy model mice.

FIG. 72 depicts photographs showing the suppressive effect of C4-sulfatase on fibroblast accumulation in the liver of a mouse type 2 diabetes model. The magnification is 50 or 100 fold.

FIG. 73 depicts photographs showing the macrophage infiltration-suppressing effect in the liver of a mouse type 2 diabetes model. The magnification is 50 or 100 fold.

FIG. 74 depicts graphs showing the result of serum biochemical tests (AST, ALT, and TG) in a mouse type 2 diabetes model. In the graphs: unt, untreated group; nor, control group; C4sul, C4-sulfatase.

FIG. 75 depicts photographs showing the localization of CSPG in brain tissues. The photographs show the result of analyzing the dynamics of CSPG expression in brain tissues using an enzyme-antibody immunostaining method. Assay was carried out using CS-56 (Seikagaku Co.) for primary antibody and Mouse Stain Kit for staining.

FIG. 76 depicts photographs showing the localization of dopaminergic neurons in brain tissues. The photographs show an analysis result obtained by a fluorescence immunostaining method.

FIG. 77 depicts a graph showing the result of TNF-α gene expression analysis, which was obtained by Real-time PCR method. The graph shows the result of real-time PCR for the expression of TGF-β as a fibrosis marker, and TNF-α as an indicator for inflammation associated with macrophage infiltration.

FIG. 78 depicts a graph showing the result of Nurr1 gene expression analysis by real-time PCR method. The graph shows the result for Nurr1 gene expression in brain tissues, which was obtained using Cyber premix kit (Takara Bio) and Real-time PCR thermal cycler DICE (Takara Bio). The graph indicates relative ratios between Nurr1 and a house keeping gene (β-actin).

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The present invention will be specifically described below.

The present invention relates to tissue fibrogenesis inhibitors based on the mechanism of inhibiting sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine, a sugar constituting sugar chains.

Specifically, the present invention provides tissue fibrogenesis inhibitors comprising as an ingredient an inhibitor of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine (herein sometimes also referred to as “inhibitors of the present invention” or simply as “inhibitors”).

Herein, “N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)” refers to the N-acetylated form of galactosamine, which is a hexosamine.

Furthermore, it is known that N-acetylgalactosamine can be chemically-modified at positions 1 to 6.

The present invention is characterized by inhibiting sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

Specifically, the sites where the sulfation is inhibited by the inhibitors of the present invention are indicated by arrow in the following formula of GalNAc.

The sites where the sulfation is inhibited by the inhibitors of the present invention are positions 4 or 6 of GalNAc. In the present invention, the sulfation of GalNAc may be inhibited at both positions 4 and 6. In the present invention, preferred GalNAc is a sugar in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG).

Herein, the inhibition of sulfation refers to inhibition of transfer of a sulfate group to position 4 or 6 in GalNAc, elimination of a sulfate group from a site where GalNAc has been already sulfated, or substitution of a sulfate group with other chemically-modified group.

The agents for suppressing tissue fibrogenesis of the present invention (herein sometimes referred to as “agents of the present invention”) preferably have an in vivo fibrogenesis-suppressing effect.

Tissues where fibrogenesis is suppressed by the agents of the present invention are not particularly limited. Such tissues include, for example, cardiac tissues, gastrointestinal tissues, lung tissues, pancreatic tissues, kidney tissues, ocular tissues, liver tissues, cranial nerve tissues, and skin tissues.

Herein, “fibrogenesis” may be referred to as “fibrosis”. Alternatively, “fibrogenesis” may be synonymous with other phrases such as “fibrogenic lesion in tissues”, “fibrogenic tissue alteration”, and “neofibrogenesis”.

The inhibitors of the present invention are not particularly limited as long as they are substances having the activity of inhibiting the sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

A preferred embodiment of inhibitors of the present invention includes, for example, substances having the activity of inhibiting the function of sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

Preferred embodiments of the above-described substances include, for example, compounds (nucleic acids) selected from the group consisting of:

(a) antisense nucleic acids against transcripts of the genes encoding the sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine, or portions thereof;

(b) nucleic acids with the ribozyme activity of specifically cleaving transcripts of genes encoding the sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine; and

(c) nucleic acids with the activity of using RNAi effect to inhibit the expression of genes encoding the sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine (siRNAs that suppress the expression of sulfotransferase genes).

The “substances with the activity of inhibiting sulfation” also include, for example, compounds selected from the group consisting of:

(a) antibodies that bind to sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

(b) sulfotransferase variants for sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine; and

(c) low-molecular-weight compounds that bind to sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

Another embodiment of inhibitors of the present invention includes, for example, substances having the activity of desulfating a sulfate group at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine. Such substances include, for example, enzymes that desulfate the sulfate group (desulfating enzymes) at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

The “desulfating” sulfate group at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine means that a sulfate group at position 4 or 6 is eliminated from N-acetylgalactosamine.

Such desulfating enzymes include, for example, chondroitin-4-sulfatase (C4-sulfatase) and chondroitin-6-sulfatase.

Sulfotransferases of the present invention are not particularly limited as long as enzymes have an activity of transferring a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of GalNAc, but include, for example:

1) GalNAc4ST-1: N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfotransferase-1

Alias CHST8: Carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-0) sulfotransferase 8

2) GalNAc4ST-2

Alias CHST9: Carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-0) sulfotransferase 9

3) C4ST-1: chondroitin-4-O-sulfotransferase-1

Alias CHST11: Carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 11

4) C4ST-2

Alias CHST12

5) C4ST-3

Alias CHST13

6) C6ST-1: chondroitin-6-O-sulfotransferase-1

Alias CHST3: Carbohydrate (chondroitin 6) sulfotransferase 3

7) GalNAc4S-6ST: N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-0 sulfotransferase

8) D4ST-1: dermatan 4 sulfotransferase 1

9) C6ST-2: chondroitin-6-O-sulfotransferase-2

Alias CHST7: Carbohydrate (chondroitin 6) sulfotransferase 7

Further, on a genomic DNA level, such groups of enzymes sharing features do not necessarily correspond to single genes. For example, both chondroitin-4-sulfatase and chondroitin-6-sulfatase can be retrieved from the public gene database GenBank as sequences referred to by multiple accession numbers (for example, GenBank accession Nos: NT_(—)039500 (a portion thereof is shown under accession No: CAAA01098429 (SEQ ID NO: 1)), NT_(—)078575, NT_(—)039353, NW_(—)001030904, NW_(—)001030811, NW_(—)001030796, and NW_(—)000349).

Specifically, below are examples of sulfotransferases of the present invention with accession numbers in the public gene database GenBank, nucleotide sequences, and amino acid sequences:

GalNAc4ST-1 (Accession number NM_(—)175140; nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO: 2; amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 3)

GalNAc4ST-2 (Accession number NM_(—)199055; nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO: 4; amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 5)

C4ST-1 (Accession number NM_(—)021439; nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO: 6, amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 7)

C4ST-2 (Accession number NM_(—)021528; nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO: 8; amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 9)

C4ST-3 (Accession number XM_(—)355798; nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO: 10; amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 11)

D4ST (Accession number NM_(—)028117; nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO: 12; amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 13)

C6ST-1 (Accession number NM_(—)016803; nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO: 14; amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 15)

C6ST-2 (Accession number AB046929; nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO: 16; amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 17)

GalNAc4S-6ST (Accession number NM_(—)015892; nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO: 18; amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 19)

In addition to the proteins listed above, the proteins of the present invention include those exhibiting high homology (typically 70% or higher, preferably 80% or higher, more preferably 90% or higher, and most preferably 95% or higher) to sequences shown in the Sequence Listing and having a function of the proteins listed above (for example, the function of binding to intracellular components). The proteins listed above are, for example, proteins comprising an amino acid sequence with an addition, deletion, substitution, or insertion of one or more amino acids in any of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17, in which the number of altered amino acids is typically 30 amino acids or less, preferably ten amino acids or less, more preferably five amino acids or less, and most preferably three amino acids or less.

The above-described genes of the present invention include, for example, endogenous genes of other organisms which correspond to DNAs comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 (homologues to the human genes described above, or the like).

Each of the endogenous DNAs of other organisms which correspond to DNAs comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 are generally highly homologous to a DNA of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16. High homology means 50% or higher homology, preferably 70% or higher homology, more preferably 80% or higher homology, and still more preferably 90% or higher homology (for example, 95% or higher, or 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or higher). Homology can be determined using the mBLAST algorithm (Altschul, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1990, 87, 2264-8; Karlin and Altschul, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993, 90, 5873-7). When the DNAs have been isolated from the body, each of them may hybridize under stringent conditions to a DNA of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16. Herein, stringent conditions include, for example, “2× SSC, 0.1% SDS, 50° C.”, “2× SSC, 0.1% SDS, 42° C.”, and “1× SSC, 0.1% SDS, 37° C.”; more stringent conditions include “2× SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C.”, “0.5× SSC, 0.1% SDS, 42° C.”, and “0.2× SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C.”.

Those skilled in the art can appropriately obtain proteins functionally equivalent to the above-described proteins from the above-described highly homologous proteins by using methods for assaying the activity of desulfating or inhibiting the sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

Further, based on the nucleotide sequences of the above-described genes, those skilled in the art can appropriately obtain endogenous genes of other organisms that correspond to the above-described genes. In the present invention, the above-described proteins and genes in non-human organisms, which correspond to the above-described proteins and genes, or the above-described proteins and genes that are functionally equivalent to the above-described proteins and genes, may simply be referred to using the above-described names.

The proteins of the present invention can be prepared not only as natural proteins but also as recombinant proteins using genetic recombination techniques. The natural proteins can be prepared by, for example, methods of subjecting cell extracts (tissue extracts) that may express the above-described proteins to affinity chromatography using antibodies against the above-described proteins. On the other hand, the recombinant proteins can be prepared, for example, by culturing cells transformed with DNAs encoding the proteins described above. The above-described proteins of the present invention can be suitably used, for example, in the screening methods described herein below.

In the present invention, “nucleic acids” refer to both RNAs and DNAs. Chemically synthesized nucleic acid analogs, such as so-called “PNAs” (peptide nucleic acids), are also included in the nucleic acids of the present invention. PNAs are nucleic acids in which the fundamental backbone structure of nucleic acids, the pentose-phosphate backbone, is replaced by a polyamide backbone with glycine units. PNAs have a three-dimensional structure quite similar to that of nucleic acids.

Methods for inhibiting the expression of specific endogenous genes using antisense technology are well known to those skilled in the art. There are a number of causes for the action of antisense nucleic acids in inhibiting target gene expression, including:

inhibition of transcription initiation by triplex formation;

transcription inhibition by hybrid formation at a site with a local open loop structure generated by an RNA polymerase;

transcription inhibition by hybrid formation with the RNA being synthesized;

splicing inhibition by hybrid formation at an intron-exon junction;

splicing inhibition by hybrid formation at the site of spliceosome formation;

inhibition of transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by hybrid formation with mRNA;

splicing inhibition by hybrid formation at the capping site or poly(A) addition site;

inhibition of translation initiation by hybrid formation at the translation initiation factor binding site;

inhibition of translation by hybrid formation at the ribosome binding site adjacent to the start codon;

inhibition of peptide chain elongation by hybrid formation in the translational region of mRNA or at the polysome binding site of mRNA; and

inhibition of gene expression by hybrid formation at the protein-nucleic acid interaction sites. Thus, antisense nucleic acids inhibit the expression of target genes by inhibiting various processes, such as transcription, splicing, and translation (Hirashima and Inoue, Shin Seikagaku Jikken Koza 2 (New Courses in Experimental Biochemistry 2), Kakusan (Nucleic Acids) IV: “Idenshi no Fukusei to Hatsugen (Gene replication and expression)”, Ed. The Japanese Biochemical Society, Tokyo Kagakudojin, 1993, pp. 319-347).

The antisense nucleic acids used in the present invention may inhibit the expression and/or function of genes encoding any of the sulfotransferases described above, based on any of the actions described above.

In one embodiment, antisense sequences designed to be complementary to an untranslated region adjacent to the 5′ end of an mRNA for a gene encoding an above-described sulfotransferase may be effective for inhibiting translation of the gene. Sequences complementary to a coding region or 3′-untranslated region can also be used. Thus, the antisense nucleic acids to be used in the present invention include not only nucleic acids comprising sequences antisense to the coding regions, but also nucleic acids comprising sequences antisense to untranslated regions of genes encoding the above-described sulfotransferases. Such antisense nucleic acids to be used are linked downstream of adequate promoters and are preferably linked with transcription termination signals on the 3′ side. Nucleic acids thus prepared can be introduced into desired animals (cells) using known methods. The sequences of the antisense nucleic acids are preferably complementary to a gene or portion thereof encoding a sulfotransferase that is endogenous to the animals (cells) to be transformed with them. However, the sequences need not be perfectly complementary, as long as the antisense nucleic acids can effectively suppress expression of a gene. The transcribed RNAs preferably have 90% or higher, and most preferably 95% or higher complementarity to target gene transcripts. To effectively inhibit target gene expression using antisense nucleic acids, the antisense nucleic acids are preferably at least 15 nucleotides long, and less than 25 nucleotides long. However, the lengths of the antisense nucleic acids of the present invention are not limited to the lengths mentioned above, and they may be 100 nucleotides or more, or 500 nucleotides or more.

The antisense nucleic acids of the preset invention are not particularly limited, and can be prepared, for example, based on the nucleotide sequence of C4ST-1 (GenBank Accession No: NM_(—)021439; SEQ ID NO: 6), C4ST-2 (GenBank Accession No: NM_(—)021528; SEQ ID NO: 8), C4ST-3 (GenBank Accession No: XM_(—)355798; SEQ ID NO: 10), or such.

Expression of the above-mentioned genes encoding sulfotransferases can also be inhibited using ribozymes or ribozyme-encoding DNAs. Ribozymes refer to RNA molecules with catalytic activity. There are various ribozymes with different activities. Among others, studies that focused on ribozymes functioning as RNA-cleaving enzymes have enabled the design of ribozymes that cleave RNAs in a site-specific manner. Some ribozymes have 400 or more nucleotides, such as group I intron type ribozymes and M1 RNA, which is comprised by RNase P, but others, called hammerhead and hairpin ribozymes, have a catalytic domain of about 40 nucleotides (Koizumi, M. and Otsuka E., Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso (Protein, Nucleic Acid, and Enzyme), 1990, 35, 2191).

For example, the autocatalytic domain of a hammerhead ribozyme cleaves the sequence G13U14C15 at the 3′ side of C15. Base pairing between U14 and A9 has been shown to be essential for this activity, and the sequence can be cleaved when C15 is substituted with A15 or U15 (Koizumi, M. et al., FEBS Lett., 1988, 228, 228). Restriction enzyme-like RNA-cleaving ribozymes that recognize the sequence UC, UU, or UA in target RNAs can be created by designing their substrate-binding sites to be complementary to an RNA sequence adjacent to a target site (Koizumi, M. et al., FEBS Lett., 1988, 239, 285; Koizumi, M, and Otsuka, E., Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso (Protein, Nucleic Acid, and Enzyme), 1990, 35, 2191; and Koizumi, M. et al., Nucl Acids Res., 1989, 17, 7059).

In addition, hairpin ribozymes are also useful for the purposes of the present invention. Such ribozymes are found in, for example, the minus strand of satellite RNAs of tobacco ring spot viruses (Buzayan, J. M., Nature, 1986, 323, 349). It has been shown that target-specific RNA-cleaving ribozymes can also be created from hairpin ribozymes (Kikuchi, Y. and Sasaki, N., Nucl Acids Res., 1991, 19, 6751; and Kikuchi, Y. Kagaku to Seibutsu (Chemistry and Biology), 1992, 30, 112). Thus, the expression of the above-described genes encoding sulfotransferases can be inhibited by using ribozymes to specifically cleave the gene transcripts.

The expression of endogenous genes can also be suppressed by RNA interference (hereinafter abbreviated as “RNAi”), using double-stranded RNAs comprising a sequence the same as or similar to a target gene sequence.

A great many disease-related genes have been rapidly identified since the entire human nucleotide sequence was revealed upon the recent completion of the genome project, and currently specific gene-targeted therapies and drugs are being actively developed. Of these, the application to gene therapy of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which produce the effect of specific post-transcriptional suppression, has been drawing attention.

RNAi is a phenomenon discovered by Fire et al. in 1998 (Fire, A., Nature (1998) 391: 806-811), where double strand RNA strongly suppresses expression of homologous target genes. RNAi has been drawing attention recently as a method applicable in gene therapy, because it is simpler than conventional gene transfer methods using vectors or such, and its target specificity is high. Furthermore, in mammalian cells, RNAi can be induced using short dsRNAs (siRNAs) and has many advantages: compared to knockout mice, RNAi has a stable effect, is easy to experiment with, has a low cost, and so on.

Nucleic acids with inhibitory activity based on the RNAi effect are generally referred to as siRNAs or shRNAs. RNAi is a phenomenon in which, when cells or such are introduced with short double-stranded RNAs (hereinafter abbreviated as “dsRNAs”) comprising sense RNAs that have sequences homologous to the mRNAs of a target gene, and antisense RNAs that comprise sequences homologous a sequence complementary thereto, the dsRNAs bind specifically and selectively to the target gene mRNAs, induce their disruption, and cleave the target gene, thereby effectively inhibiting (suppressing) target gene expression. For example, when dsRNAs are introduced into cells, the expression of genes with sequences homologous to the RNAs is suppressed (the genes are knocked down). As described above, RNAi can suppress the expression of target genes, and is thus drawing attention as a method applicable to gene therapy, or as a simple gene knockout method replacing conventional methods of gene disruption, which are based on complicated and inefficient homologous recombination.

In the present invention, the RNAs to be used in RNAi are not necessarily perfectly identical to the genes or portions thereof that encode an above-described sulfotransferase; however, the RNAs are preferably perfectly homologous to the genes or portions thereof. Furthermore, the terminal portion may include an overhang of about two bases.

The targets of the siRNAs to be designed are not particularly limited, as long as they are genes encoding an above-described sulfotransferase. Any region of the gene can be a candidate for a target.

For example, siRNAs may be prepared based on a nucleotide sequence of C4ST-1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 6), C4ST-2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 8), C4ST-3 gene (SEQ ID NO: 10), and such. More specifically, partial regions of such sequences may be used as candidates for the targets. For example, siRNAs may be prepared based on portions of the nucleotide sequences of C4ST-1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 20), C4ST-2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 21), C4ST-3 gene (SEQ ID NO: 22), C6ST-1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 23), C6ST-2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 24), or such. More specifically, examples of the siRNAs also include those targeted to the DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 25, 26, 35 to 50, 55 to 65, and 82 to 88) specifically shown herein.

The siRNAs can be introduced into cells by adopting methods of introducing cells with plasmid DNAs linked with siRNAs synthesized in vitro or methods that comprise annealing two RNA strands.

The two RNA molecules described above may be closed at one end or, for example, may be siRNAs with hairpin structures (shRNAs). shRNAs refer to short hairpin RNAs, which are RNA molecules with a stem-loop structure, since a portion of the single strand constitutes a strand complementary to another portion. Thus, molecules capable of forming an intramolecular RNA duplex structure are also included in the siRNAs of the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the siRNAs of the present invention also include, for example, double-stranded RNAs with additions or deletions of one or a few RNAs in an siRNA which targets a specific DNA sequence (SEQ ID NOs: 25, 26, 35 to 50, 55 to 65, and 82 to 88) shown herein and which can suppress the expression of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, C4ST-3, or such via RNAi effect, as long as the double-stranded RNAs have the function of suppressing the expression of a gene encoding an above-described sulfotransferase.

The RNAs used in RNAi (siRNAs) do not need to be perfectly identical (homologous) to the genes encoding the above proteins or portions thereof; however, the RNAs are preferably perfectly identical (homologous).

Some details of the RNAi mechanism still remain unclear, but it is understood that an enzyme called “DICER” (a member of the RNase III nuclease family) is contacted with a double-stranded RNA and degrades it in to small fragments, called “small interfering RNAs” or “siRNAs”. The double-stranded RNAs of the present invention that have RNAi effect include such double-stranded RNAs prior to being degraded by DICER. Specifically, since even long RNAs that have no RNAi effect when intact can be degraded into siRNAs which have RNAi effect in cells, the length of the double-stranded RNAs of the present invention is not particularly limited.

For example, long double-stranded RNAs covering the full-length or near full-length mRNA of a gene encoding an above-described sulfotransferase can be pre-digested, for example, by DICER, and then the degradation products can be used as agents of the present invention. These degradation products are expected to contain double-stranded RNA (siRNA) molecules with an RNAi effect. With this method, it is not necessary to specifically select the mRNA regions expected to have RNAi effect. In other words, it is not necessary to accurately determine regions with RNAi effect in the mRNAs of the genes described above.

The above-described “double-stranded RNAs capable of suppression via RNAi effect” can be suitably prepared by those skilled in the art based on nucleotide sequences of the above-described sulfotransferases, which are targeted by the double-stranded RNAs. For example, the double-stranded RNAs of the present invention can be prepared based on the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In other words, it is within the range of ordinary experimentation for those skilled in the art to select an arbitrary consecutive RNA region in an mRNA that is a transcript of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, and prepare double-stranded RNA corresponding to the region. Those skilled in the art can also use known methods to properly select siRNA sequences with stronger RNAi effect from the mRNA sequence, which is the transcript of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. When one of the strands is already identified, those skilled in the art can readily determine the nucleotide sequence of the other strand (complementary strand). Those skilled in the art can appropriately prepare siRNAs using a commercially available nucleic acid synthesizer. Alternatively, general custom synthesis services may be used to synthesize desired RNAs.

The siRNAs of the present invention are not necessarily single pairs of double-stranded RNAs directed to target sequences, but may be mixtures of multiple double-stranded RNAs directed to regions that cover the target sequence. Herein, those skilled in the art can appropriately prepare the siRNAs as nucleic acid mixtures matched to a target sequence by using a commercially available nucleic acid synthesizer or DICER enzyme. Meanwhile, general custom synthesis services may be used to synthesize desired RNAs. The siRNAs of the present invention include so-called “siRNA cocktails”.

All nucleotides in the siRNAs of the present invention do not necessarily need to be ribonucleotides (RNAs). Specifically, one or more of the ribonucleotides constituting the siRNAs of the present invention may be replaced with corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. The term “corresponding” means that although the sugar moieties are structurally differently, the nucleotide residues (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine (uracil)) are the same. For example, deoxyribonucleotides corresponding to ribonucleotides with adenine refer to deoxyribonucleotides with adenine. The term “or more” described above is not particularly limited, but preferably refers to a small number of about two to five ribonucleotides.

Furthermore, DNAs (vectors) capable of expressing the RNAs of the present invention are also included in the preferred embodiments of compounds capable of suppressing the expression of the genes encoding the above-described proteins of the present invention. The DNAs (vectors) capable of expressing the double-stranded RNAs of the present invention are, for example, DNAs structured such that a DNA encoding one strand of a double-stranded RNA and a DNA encoding the other strand of the double-stranded RNA are linked with promoters so that each DNA can be expressed. The above DNAs of the present invention can be appropriately prepared by those skilled in the art using standard genetic engineering techniques. More specifically, the expression vectors of the present invention can be prepared by adequately inserting DNAs encoding the RNAs of the present invention into various known expression vectors.

Furthermore, the expression-inhibiting substances of the present invention also include compounds that inhibit the expression of the above-described sulfotransferases by binding to an expression regulatory region of a gene encoding the above-described sulfotransferases (for example, a promoter region). Such compounds can be obtained, for example, using a fragment of a promoter DNA of the gene encoding an above-described sulfotransferase to perform screening methods using as an indicator the activity of binding to the DNA fragment. Those skilled in the art can appropriately determine whether compounds of interest inhibit the expression of the above-described genes encoding sulfotransferases by using known methods, for example, reporter assays and such.

Furthermore, DNAs (vectors) capable of expressing the above-described RNAs of the present invention are also included in preferred embodiments of the compounds capable of inhibiting the expression of a gene encoding an above-described sulfotransferase of the present invention. For example, DNAs (vectors) capable of expressing the above-described double-stranded RNAs of the present invention are structured such that a DNA encoding one strand of a double-stranded RNA and a DNA encoding the other strand of the double-stranded RNA are linked to promoters so that both can be expressed. Those skilled in the art can appropriately prepare the above-described DNAs of the present invention using standard genetic engineering techniques. More specifically, the expression vectors of the present invention can be prepared by appropriately inserting DNAs encoding the RNAs of the present invention into various known expression vectors.

Preferred embodiments of the above-described vector of the present invention include vectors expressing RNAs (siRNAs) that can suppress the expression of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, C4ST-3, or the like by the RNAi effect.

Antibodies that bind to the above-described sulfotransferases can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art. Polyclonal antibodies can be obtained, for example, by the following procedure: small animals such as rabbits are immunized with an above-described natural protein or a recombinant protein expressed in microorganisms as a fusion protein with GST, or a partial peptide thereof. Sera are obtained from these animals and purified by, for example, ammonium sulfate precipitation, Protein A or G column, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, affinity column coupled with the sulfotransferase described above, synthetic peptide, or such, to prepare antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies can be obtained by the following procedure: small animals such as mice are immunized with an above-described sulfotransferase, or a partial peptide thereof. Spleens are removed from the mice and crushed to isolate cells. The cells are fused with mouse myeloma cells using a reagent such as polyethylene glycol. Clones producing antibodies that bind to an above-described sulfotransferase are selected from among the resulting fused cells (hybridomas). The obtained hybridomas are then transplanted into the peritoneal cavities of mice, and ascites collected. The obtained monoclonal antibodies can be purified by, for example, ammonium sulfate precipitation, Protein A or G columns, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, affinity columns coupled with an above-described sulfotransferase, synthetic peptides, or such.

The antibodies of the present invention are not particularly limited as long as they bind to an above-described sulfotransferase of the present invention. The antibodies of the present invention may be human antibodies, humanized antibodies created by gene recombination, fragments or modified products of such antibodies, in addition to the polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies described above.

The proteins of the present invention used as sensitizing antigens to prepare antibodies are not limited in terms of the animal species from which the proteins are derived. However, the proteins are preferably derived from mammals, for example, mice and humans. Human-derived proteins are particularly preferred. The human-derived proteins can be appropriately obtained by those skilled in the art using the gene or amino acid sequences disclosed herein.

In the present invention, the proteins to be used as sensitizing antigens may be whole proteins or partial peptides thereof. Such partial peptides of the proteins include, for example, amino-terminal (N) fragments and carboxyl-terminal (C) fragments of the proteins. Herein, “antibodies” refer to antibodies that react with a full-length protein or fragment thereof.

In addition to immunizing nonhuman animals with antigens to obtain the above hybridomas, human lymphocytes, for example, EB virus-infected human lymphocytes, can be sensitized in vitro with the proteins or with cells expressing the proteins, or with lysates thereof, and the sensitized lymphocytes can be fused with human-derived myeloma cells with the ability to divide permanently, for example, U266, to obtain hybridomas that produce desired human antibodies with binding activity to the proteins.

It is expected that antibodies against the above-described sulfotransferases of the present invention exhibit the effect of inhibiting protein expression or function by binding to the proteins. When using the prepared antibodies for human administration (antibody therapy), the antibodies are preferably human or humanized antibodies in order to reduce immunogenicity.

Furthermore, in the present invention, low-molecular-weight substances (low-molecular-weight compounds) that bind to the above-described sulfotransferases are also included in the substances capable of inhibiting the function of the above-described sulfotransferases. Such low-molecular-weight substances may be natural or artificial compounds. In general, the compounds can be produced or obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art. The compounds of the present invention can also be obtained by the screening methods described below.

In addition, the substances of the present invention capable of inhibiting the expression or function of the above-described sulfotransferases include dominant-negative mutants (dominant-negative proteins) for the above-described sulfotransferases. The “dominant-negative protein mutants for the above sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine” refer to proteins with the function of reducing or abolishing the activity of endogenous wild-type proteins by expressing the genes encoding the sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

The inhibitors of the present invention that inhibit sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine have therapeutic or preventive effect for fibrogenic disorders. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the agents of the present invention are therapeutic or preventive agents for fibrogenic disorders.

Herein, “therapeutic or preventive” does not necessarily refer to a perfect therapeutic or preventive effect on organs or tissues with tissue fibrogenesis, and may refer to a partial effect.

The tissue fibrogenesis-suppressing agents of the present invention have the activity of suppressing fibrogenesis through inhibiting the sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine, which is a cause of fibrogenesis. Thus, preferred embodiments of the present invention provide, for example, therapeutic or preventive agents for tissue fibrogenic disorders which comprise as an active ingredient a tissue fibrogenesis-suppressing agent of the present invention.

The “therapeutic agents for tissue fibrogenic disorders” of the present invention can also be referred to as “improving agents for tissue fibrogenic disorders”, “anti-tissue fibrogenesis agents”, or the like. Meanwhile, the agents of the present invention can also be referred to as “pharmaceutical agents”, “pharmaceutical compositions”, “therapeutic medicines”, or the like.

The “treatments” of the present invention also comprise preventive effects that can suppress the onset of fibrogenesis in advance. The treatments are not limited to those producing a complete therapeutic effect on fibrogenic organs (tissues), and the effects may be partial.

The agents of the present invention can be combined with physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients, diluents and such, and orally or parenterally administered as pharmaceutical compositions. Oral agents may be in the form of granules, powders, tablets, capsules, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, or the like. The dosage forms of parenteral agents can be selected from injections, infusions, external preparations, inhalants (nebulizers), suppositories, and the like. Injections include preparations for subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracranial, and intranasal injections, and the like. The external preparations include nasal preparations, ointments, and such. Techniques for formulating the above-described dosage forms that contain the agents of the present invention as primary ingredients are known.

For example, tablets for oral administration can be produced by compressing and shaping the agents of the present invention in combination with excipients, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, and the like. Excipients commonly used include lactose, starch, mannitol, and the like. Commonly used disintegrants include calcium carbonate, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, and the like. Binders include gum arabic, carboxymethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Known lubricants include talc, magnesium stearate, and such.

Known coatings can be applied to tablets comprising the agents of the present invention to prepare enteric coated formulations or for masking. Ethylcellulose, polyoxyethylene glycol, or such can be used as a coating agent.

Meanwhile, injections can be prepared by dissolving the agents of the present invention, which are chief ingredients, together with an appropriate dispersing agent, or dissolving or dispersing the agents in a dispersion medium. Both water-based and oil-based injections can be prepared, depending on the selection of dispersion medium. When preparing water-based injections, the dispersing agent is distilled water, physiological saline, Ringer's solution or such. For oil-based injections, any of the various vegetable oils, propylene glycols, or such is used as a dispersing agent. If required, a preservative such as paraben may be added at this time. Known isotonizing agents such as sodium chloride and glucose can also be added to the injections. In addition, soothing agents such as benzalkonium chloride and procaine hydrochloride can be added.

Alternatively, the agents of the present invention can be formed into solid, liquid, or semi-solid compositions to prepare external preparations. Such solid or liquid compositions can be prepared as the same compositions as described above and then used as external preparations. The semi-solid compositions can be prepared using an appropriate solvent, to which a thickener is added if required. Water, ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and the like can be used as the solvent. Commonly used thickeners are bentonite, polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the like. Preservatives such as benzalkonium chloride can be added to these compositions. Alternatively, suppositories can be prepared by combining the compositions with carriers, like oil bases such as cacao butter, or aqueous gel bases such as cellulose derivatives.

When the agents of the present invention are used as gene therapy agents, the agents may be directly administered by injection, or vectors carrying the nucleic acid may be administered. Such vectors include adenovirus vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, herpes virus vectors, vaccinia virus vectors, retroviral vectors, and lentivirus vectors. These vectors allow efficient administration.

Alternatively, the agents of the present invention can be encapsulated into phospholipid vesicles such as liposomes, and then the vesicles can be administered. Vesicles carrying siRNAs or shRNAs are introduced into given cells by lipofection. The resulting cells are then systemically administered, for example, intravenously or intra-arterially. The cells can also be locally administered into tissues or such with fibrogenesis. siRNAs exhibit a quite superior and specific post-transcriptional suppression effect in vitro; however, in vivo they are rapidly degraded due to serum nuclease activity, and thus, their time was limited. There is therefore demand for the development of optimized and effective delivery systems. As one example, Ochiya et al. have reported that atelocollagen, a bio-affinity material, is a highly suitable siRNA carrier because it has the activity of protecting nucleic acids from nucleases in the body when mixed with the nucleic acids to form a complex (Ochiya, T. et al., Nat. Med., 1999, 5, 707-710; Ochiya, T. et al., Curr. Gene Ther., 2001, 1, 31-52); however, the methods for introducing drugs of the present invention are not limited thereto.

The agents of the present invention are administered to mammals including humans at required (effective) doses, within a dose range considered to be safe. Ultimately, the doses of the agents of the present invention can be appropriately determined by medical practitioners or veterinarians after considering the dosage form and administration method, and the patient's age and weight, symptoms, and the like. For example, adenoviruses are administered once a day at a dose of about 106 to 1013 viruses every one to eight weeks, although the doses vary depending on the age, sex, symptoms, administration route, administration frequency, and dosage form.

Commercially available gene transfer kits (for example: AdenoExpress™, Clontech) may be used to introduce siRNAs or shRNAs into target tissues or organs.

Diseases to be treated or prevented by the agents of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as they are caused by tissue fibrogenesis, but preferably include, cardiac disorders, intestinal diseases, liver diseases, hepatic disorders, kidney disorders, cranial nerve diseases, eye disorders, pancreas disorders.

The “diseases caused by fibrogenesis” in the present invention is not particularly limited, and specifically include, for example, elastosis, scleroderma, chronic peritonitis, and retroperitoneal fibrosis in integumentary and epithelial tissues such as skin;

polymyositis, dermatomyositis, polyarteritis nodosa, soft tissue fibrosis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, palmar fibromatosis, tendinitis, tenovaginitis, Achilles tendinitis, mycetoma pedis, and such in supportive tissues such as connective tissues and muscles;

myelofibrosis, hypersplenism, vasculitis, bradyarrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, obstructive thrombotic angiitis, nodular fibrosis, angina pectoris, dilated congestive cardiomyopathy, heart failure, restrictive cardiomyopathy, diffuse nonobstructive cardiomyopathy, obstructive cardiomyopathy, cor pulmonale, mitral stenosis, aortic valve stenosis, chronic pericarditis, endocardial fibrosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, and such in blood tissues and vascular system such as bone marrow and heart;

chronic pancreatitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, alcoholic hepatitis, chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, Wilson's disease, cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, Gaucher's disease, glycogen storage disease, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, hemochromatosis, tyrosinemia, levulosemia, galactosemia, Zellweger syndrome, congenital hepatic fibrosis, portal hypertension, hepatic granulomatosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, primary sclerosing cholangitis, fatty liver, nonalcoholic hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, congenital hepatic fibrosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, viral cirrhosis, parasitic cirrhosis, toxic cirrhosis, trophopathic cirrhosis, congestive cirrhosis, hepatic sclerosis, Charcot's cirrhosis, Todd's cirrhosis, secondary biliary cirrhosis, unilobar cirrhosis, cirrhosis resulting from chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis, obstructive cirrhosis, cholangiolitic cirrhosis, biliary cirrhosis, atrophic cirrhosis, postnecrotic cirrhosis, posthepatitic cirrhosis, nodular cirrhosis of the liver, mixed cirrhosis, micronodular cirrhosis, compensatory cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, macronodular cirrhosis, septal cirrhosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, periportal cirrhosis, portal cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and such in the gastrointestinal system such as liver;

coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Goodpasture's syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary atelectasis, pneumonia, chalicosis, asbestosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, Langerhans-cell granulomatosis, cystic fibrosis, pustular fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, fibrosing pulmonary alveolitis, interstitial fibrosis, diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, chronic interstitial pneumonia, bronchiectasis, bronchiolar fibrosis, peribronchial fibrosis, pleural fibrosis, and such in the respiratory system such as lung;

male hypogonadism, myotonic dystrophy, fibrosis such as associated with Peyronie's disease, chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, autosomal recessive cystic kidney, myeloma kidney, hydronephrosis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, nephrotoxic diseases, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, sickle cell nephropathy, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, chronic glomerular nephritis, IgA nephropathy, renal sclerosis, focal glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, renal amyloidosis, polycystic kidney disease, retroperitoneal fibrosis, pathology in the kidney associated with a connective tissue disease such as lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, chronic prostatitis, and urocystitis associated with schistosomiasisin the urogenital system such as kidney;

fibrotic breast disease, mammary fibroadenoma, and such;

congenital torticollis, ankylosing spondylitis, spinal cord disorders such as neurofibroma and neurological dysfunction after spinal cord injury, and cranial nerve diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease in the nervous system such as spinal cord;

retrolental fibrosis and proliferative retinopathy in the eyeball; and

sarcoidosis that develops systemic involvement, fibrosis and systemic scleroderma associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and such. However, in the present invention, the “disease caused by fibrogenesis” is not limited thereto, and includes diseases caused by fibrosis in each body tissue such as skin and organs.

The present invention also relates to methods of screening for agents for suppressing tissue fibrogenesis (herein sometimes referred to as “methods of the present invention”), which use as an indicator the degree of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

A preferred embodiment of methods of the present invention is the methods comprising the step of selecting compounds that inhibit the sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine that constitute sugar chains.

Using the screening methods of the present invention, tissue fibrogenesis-suppressing agents or candidate compounds for agents for treating or preventing fibrogenic disorders can be efficiently acquired.

Preferred embodiments of the screening methods of the present invention are methods of screening for tissue fibrogenesis-suppressing agents that comprise the steps of (a) to (c):

(a) contacting test compounds with N-acetylgalactosamines or sugar chain having N-acetylgalactosamines;

(b) measuring a degree of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamines; and

(c) selecting compounds that reduce the degree of sulfation as compared with those without contacting with the test compounds.

Embodiments of the screening methods of the present invention are exemplified below. In the embodiments described below, N-acetylgalactosamines, sulfotransferases, desulfatases, or such to be used include those derived from humans, mice, rats, and others, but are not particularly limited thereto.

The test compounds to be used in the embodiments described below are not particularly limited, but include, for example, single compounds, such as natural compounds, organic compounds, inorganic compounds, proteins, and peptides, as well as compound libraries, expression products of gene libraries, cell extracts, cell culture supernatants, products of fermenting microorganisms, extracts of marine organisms, and plant extracts.

In the methods of the present invention, the “contact” with test compounds is typically achieved by mixing the test compounds with N-acetylgalactosamines, sulfotransferases, or desulfatases, but the “contact” is not limited to this methods. For example, the “contact” can also be achieved by contacting test compounds with cells expressing these proteins or portions thereof.

In the embodiments described below, the “cells” include those derived from humans, mice, rats, and such, but are not limited thereto. Cells of microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and yeasts, which are transformed to express the proteins used in each embodiment, can also be used. For example, the “cells that express genes encoding sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine” include cells that express endogenous genes encoding sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine, or cells that express introduced foreign genes encoding sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine. Such cells that express foreign genes encoding sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine can typically be prepared by introducing host cells with expression vectors carrying a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine as an insert. The expression vectors can be prepared using standard genetic engineering techniques.

In addition, the degree of sulfation in the methods of the present invention can be determined by methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, the degree of sulfation can be determined by measuring the amount of label using a labeled compound, antibody, or such that binds to a sulfated structure at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine, or a portion thereof. Alternatively, the degree of sulfation can be detected by chromatography, mass spectrometry, or the like.

Those skilled in the art can appropriately evaluate the degree of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine, for example, by the following known methods:

(1) method based on quantitative dye binding using a labeling dye (1-9-dimethylene blue) (Nature. 1998 Feb. 26; 391 (6670): 908-11)

(2) method based on photo-affinity labeling using [³²P]3′,5′-ABP (Mandon, E. C., Milla, M. E., Kempner, E., and Hirschberg, C. B. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 10707-10711)

(3) method based on photo-affinity labeling using 3′[³²P]-β methyleneb PAPS (Ozeran, J. D., Wesley, J., and Schwarz, N. B. (1996) Biochemistry, 35, 3695-3703)

(4) method using anion exchange resins (method for isolating sulfated glycoproteins) (Vol. 16, No. 2 (19860430) pp. 69-72, Kitasato University, ISSN: 03855449)

(5) colorimetric staining of sGAG with Alcian blue (Anal Biochem. 1998 Feb. 15; 256(2): 229-37)

Furthermore, those skilled in the art can readily evaluate by the above-listed methods or the like whether a substance is an inhibitor of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine of the present invention.

Another embodiment of screening methods of the present invention includes the methods comprising the step of selecting substances (compounds) which reduce the activity of sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

The above-described methods of the present invention comprise, for example, the steps of:

(a) contacting a test compound with sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

(b) measuring the sulfotransferase activity of the enzymes; and

(c) selecting a compound that reduces the activity as compared to when the test compound is not contacted.

In the above-described methods, first, a test compound is contacted with a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

Then, the sulfotransferase activity of the enzyme is measured. Next, a compound that reduces the activity as compared to without contact with the test compound is selected. Such a compound that reduces the activity can be used as a fibrogenesis inhibitor or a therapeutic agent for fibrogenic disorders.

Methods that enable evaluation (determination) of whether a test compound has the above-described sulfotransferase activity include, for example, the methods described below.

Various test compounds are mixed during a set period of culture of cells or cell lines that promote the sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine, and the degree of sulfation before and after the culture can be easily determined by, for example, using an antibody that recognizes sulfation at position 4 (clone: LY111, 2H6) or an antibody that recognizes sulfation at position 6 (clone: MC21C, MO225, and CS-56) (all from Seikagaku Co.). Fluorescence values may be compared between before and after the culture by using fluorescently labeled antibodies. Alternatively, the same detection method can be conducted using 2-B-6 or 3-B-3 antibodies before and after culture. Compounds that suppress an increase in the sulfation after cell culture (an increase in the fluorescence value for LY111 or MC21C), or compounds that promote the progression of desulfation after cell culture (an increase in the fluorescence value for 2-B-6 or 3-B-3) can be selected as a desired candidate compound in the methods of the present invention.

As a further option, cell lines that constitutively express sulfotransferase genes such as C4ST-1 and C6ST-1 can be prepared by introducing the genes into CHO cells, L cells, or such by well-known methods. The use of such cell lines that constitutively add sulfate groups allows a more clear determination of candidates for therapeutic compounds.

Another preferred embodiment of the screening methods for a tissue fibrogenesis inhibitor of present invention includes methods comprising the step of selecting compounds that reduce the expression of N-acetylgalactosamine sulfotransferase genes of the present invention. The above methods of the present invention comprise, for example, the steps of:

(a) contacting a test compound with cells expressing genes encoding sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

(b) measuring the gene expression level of the cells; and

(c) selecting a compound that reduces the gene expression level as compared to when the test compound is not contacted.

In the above methods, test compounds are first contacted with cells expressing a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

Next, the expression level of the gene encoding the sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine is measured. Herein, “expression of the gene” includes both transcription and translation. Gene expression level can be measured by methods known to those skilled in the art.

For example, mRNAs are extracted from cells expressing any one of the above-described proteins by conventional methods, and these mRNAs can be used as templates in Northern hybridization, RT-PCR, DNA arrays, or such to measure the transcription level of the gene. Alternatively, protein fractions are collected from cells expressing a gene encoding any of the above-described proteins, and expression of the protein can be detected by electrophoresis such as SDS-PAGE to measure the level of gene translation. Alternatively, the level of gene translation can be measured by detecting the expression of any of the above-described proteins by Western blotting using an antibody against the proteins. Such antibodies for use in detecting the proteins are not particularly limited, as long as they are detectable. For example, both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can be used.

Next, the expression level is compared with that in the absence of the test compounds (the control).

Then, compounds that reduce (suppress) the expression level of the gene as compared to when the test compounds are absent are selected. The compounds resulting in a reduction (suppression) can be agents for suppressing tissue fibrogenesis or candidate compounds for treating fibrogenic disorders.

Furthermore, an embodiment of the screening methods of the present invention includes methods of selecting the present invention's compounds that reduce the expression level of a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine, using as an indicator, the amount (level) of reporter gene expression. The above-described methods comprise, for example, the steps of:

(a) contacting a test compound with cells or cell extracts containing a DNA structured such that a reporter gene is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory region of a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine;

(b) measuring the expression amount (level) of the reporter gene; and

(c) selecting a compound that reduces the expression amount (level) of the reporter gene as compared to when the test compound is not contacted.

In the above methods, test compounds are first contacted with cells or cell extracts containing DNAs structured such that a reporter gene is operably linked with a transcriptional regulatory region of a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

Herein, “operably linked” means that a reporter gene is linked with a transcriptional regulatory region of a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine, such that expression of the reporter gene is induced upon binding of transcriptional factors to the transcriptional regulatory region. Therefore, the meaning of “operably linked” also includes cases where a reporter gene is linked with a different gene and produces a fusion protein with a different gene product, as long as expression of the fusion protein is induced upon the binding of transcriptional factors to the transcriptional regulatory region of the gene encoding the sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine. Those skilled in the art can obtain the transcriptional regulatory regions of genes encoding sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine that are present in the genome, based on the cDNA nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding the sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

The reporter genes for use in these methods are not particularly limited, as long as their expression is detectable. The reporter genes include, for example, the CAT gene, the lacZ gene, the luciferase gene, and the GFP gene. The “cells containing a DNA structured such that a reporter gene is operably linked with a transcriptional regulatory region of a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine” include, for example, cells introduced with vectors carrying such structures as inserts. Such vectors can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art. The vectors can be introduced into cells by standard methods, for example, calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, lipofection, and microinjection. The “cells containing a DNA structured such that a reporter gene is operably linked with a transcriptional regulatory region of a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine” include cells in which the structure has been integrated into the chromosomes. A DNA structure can be integrated into chromosomes by methods generally used by those skilled in the art, for example, gene transfer methods using homologous recombination.

The “cell extracts containing a DNA structured such that a reporter gene is operably linked with a transcriptional regulatory region of a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine” include, for example, mixtures of cell extracts included in commercially available in vitro transcription-translation kits and DNAs structured such that a reporter gene is operably linked with the transcriptional regulatory region of the gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine.

“Contact” can be achieved by adding test compounds to a culture medium of “cells containing a DNA structured such that a reporter gene is operably linked with a transcriptional regulatory region of a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine”, or by adding test compounds to the above-described commercially available cell extracts containing the DNAs. When the test compound is a protein, contact may also be achieved, for example, by introducing a DNA vector expressing the protein into the cells.

In the above methods, the expression level of the reporter gene is then measured. The expression level of the reporter gene can be measured by methods known to those skilled in the art, depending on the type of the reporter gene. When the reporter gene is the CAT gene, its expression can be determined, for example, by detecting the acetylation of chloramphenicol by the gene product. When the reporter gene is the lacZ gene, its expression level can be determined by detecting the color development of chromogenic compounds due to the catalytic action of the gene expression product. Alternatively, when the reporter gene is the luciferase gene, its expression level can be determined by detecting the fluorescence of fluorogenic compounds due to the catalytic action of the gene expression product. Furthermore, when the reporter gene is the GFP gene, its expression level can be determined by detecting the fluorescence of the GFP protein.

In the above methods, the expression amount (level) of the reporter gene is then compared with that in the absence of the test compounds (the control). Compounds that reduce (suppress) the expression level of the reporter gene as compared with a control are then selected, where the reporter gene is operably linked with a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine. Compounds resulting in a reduction (suppression) can be agents for suppressing tissue fibrogenesis or candidate compounds for treating fibrogenic disorders.

The tissue fibrogenesis inhibitors that are found by the screening methods of the present invention are preferably therapeutic or preventive agents for fibrogenic disorders.

The present invention also provides methods of producing pharmaceutical compositions for treating or preventing fibrogenic disorders. The above-described production methods of the present invention comprise, for example, the steps of:

(a) selecting a tissue fibrogenesis inhibitor from test samples by the above-described methods of screening for tissue fibrogenesis inhibitors; and

(b) combining the agent with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In these methods, first, a tissue fibrogenesis inhibitor is selected from test samples by the above-described methods of screening for tissue fibrogenesis inhibitors.

Then, the selected agent is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes, for example, those described above.

The present invention also provides kits comprising various agents, reagents, and the like, which are used to conduct the screening methods of the present invention.

The kits of the present invention can be prepared, for example, by selecting adequate reagents from the above-described various reagents, depending on the screening method to be conducted. The kits of the present invention may contain, for example, the sulfotransferases that transfer a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine of the present invention. The kits of the present invention may further contain various reagents, vessels, and the like to be used in the methods of the present invention. The kits may appropriately contain, for example, antibodies, probes, various reaction reagents, cells, culture media, control samples, buffers, and instruction manuals containing a description of how to use the kits.

The present invention also provides therapeutic or preventive methods for fibrogenic disorders, which comprise the step of administering the agents of the present invention to individuals (for example, to patients and such).

The individuals subjected to the therapeutic or preventive methods of the present invention are not particularly limited, as long as they are organisms that can develop a fibrogenic disorder; however, humans are preferred.

In general, administration to individuals can be achieved, for example, by methods known to those skilled in the art, such as intraarterial injections, intravenous injections, and subcutaneous injections. The administered dose varies depending on the patient's weight and age, and the administration method or such; however, those skilled in the art (medical practitioners, veterinarians, pharmacists, and the like) can appropriately select a suitable dose.

The present invention also relates to the uses of agents of the present invention in producing tissue fibrogenesis inhibitors.

All prior art documents cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES

Herein below, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to Examples, but the technical scope of the present invention is not to be construed as being limited thereto.

Herein, occasionally, an siRNA structure (sequence) is presented by showing a DNA region of a target gene. Those skilled in the art can readily understand the structure of an siRNA comprising double-stranded RNA corresponding to the DNA sequence based on the information of DNA sequence described as a target sequence.

Cardiac Tissue Example 1 Assessment of the Target Sugar Chain-Related Gene Knockdown Effect of siRNAs and Anti-Fibrogenic Effect at the Gene Level in a Mouse Cardiomyopathy Model

A model prepared by intraperitoneal administration of Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX; Kyowa Hakko), as a standard mouse cardiomyopathy model, was used in this Example and those below. This mouse model is classical, but highly reproducible and simple. Thus, the model has been widely used as a cardiomyopathy model for elucidating pathological conditions, experimenting new therapeutics, or such (Longhu Li, Circulation (2006) 113: 535-543; Xiaoming Yi, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol (2006) 290: H1098-H1102; Kang Y J, J Biol. Chem. 2000 May 5; 275(18): 13690-8; Nozaki N, Circulation (2004) 110: 2869-2874; Fisher P W, Circulation (2005) 111: 1601-1610).

The model mouse histologically develops fibrogenesis of the myocardial interstitium. This pathological findings is commonly observed in dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), as well as left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction, stable angina pectoris, unstable angina pectoris, myocarditis, valvular heart disease, arrhythmia, or hypertension. The fibrogenesis is a pathological feature responsible for the myocardial dysfunction in chronic heart failure caused by the above-listed diseases (Jugdutt B I, Circulation. 108: 1395-1403, 2003).

First, the method of preparing the mouse model is described below. DOX (15 mg/kg; Kyowa Hakko) is administered to the peritoneal cavities of C57BL6/J mice (male, eight weeks old, CLEA Japan Inc.). The mice were reared for one week after administration, and then heart tissues were collected from them. As a control group, similar mice were also purchased and reared around the same time without DOX administration.

The GalNac4S-6ST siRNA agent was administered by the following procedure: 1 μg of GalNac4S-6ST siRNA (Hokkaido System Science, Co., Ltd.) was combined with 200 ml of 1% atelocollagen (Koken Co.) as a vehicle, and the mixture was intraperitoneally administered to each mouse 24 hours before DOX administration. The nucleotide sequence of the GalNac4S-6ST siRNA agent used in this Example is shown below, but the sequence is not limited to this Example.

[human GalNac4S-6ST siRNA] (Gene Bank accession number NM_015892) (Hokkaido System Science, Co., Ltd.) 5′- (SEQ ID NO: 25) ggagcagagcaagaugaauacaauc-ag-3′ 3′- (SEQ ID NO: 26) ua-ccucgucucguucuacuuauguuag-5′

1 ml of RNA iso (TAKARA BIO INC.) was added to 50 mg each of organs (heart) excised from cardiomyopathy model mouse. The organs were crushed using an electrical homogenizer (DIGITAL HOMOGENIZER; AS ONE), then, 200 μl of chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich Japan) was added to the resulting suspension. The mixture was gently mixed and then cooled on ice for about five minutes, and centrifuged in a centrifuge (Centrifuge 5417R; Eppendorf) at 12,000 rpm and 4° C. for 15 minutes. After centrifugation, 500 μl of the supernatant was transferred to a fresh Eppendorf tube, and an equal volume of isopropanol (500 μl; Sigma-Aldrich Japan) was added thereto. The solution was mixed, and then 1 μl of glycogen (Invitrogen) was added thereto. The mixture was cooled on ice for 15 minutes, and then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm and 4° C. for 15 minutes. Next, RNA precipitate obtained after washing three times with 1,000 μl of 75% ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich Japan) was air-dried for 30 minutes to one hour, and then dissolved in Otsuka distilled water (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd). The solution was 100 times diluted with Otsuka distilled water. The RNA concentrations of extracted samples in UV plates (Corning Costar) were determined using a plate reader (POWER Wave XS; BIO-TEK).

Next, reverse transcription reaction (cDNA synthesis) is conducted by the following procedure. The concentrations of the obtained RNA samples were adjusted to 500 ng/20 μl. The samples were heated at 68° C. for three minutes in a BLOCK INCUBATOR (ASTEC), and cooled on ice for ten minutes. After cooling on ice, 80 μl of RT PreMix solution (composition: 18.64 μl of 25 mM MgCl₂ (Invitrogen), 20 μA of 5× Buffer (Invitrogen), 6.6 μl of 0.1 M DTT (Invitrogen), 10 μl of 10 mM dNTP mix (Invitrogen), 2 μl of RNase Inhibitor (Invitrogen), 1.2 μl of MMLV Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen), 2 μl of Random primer (Invitrogen), and 19.56 μl of sterile distilled water (Otsuka distilled water; Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)), which had been prepared in advance, was added to the samples. The mixtures were heated in a BLOCK INCUBATOR (ASTEC) at 42° C. for one hour and at 99° C. for five minutes, and then cooled on ice. 100 μl of desired cDNAs were prepared and quantitative PCR reaction was carried out using the prepared cDNAs in the following composition. For quantitative PCR, SYBR Premix Kit (TAKARA BIO INC.) and Real-time PCR thermal cycler DICE (TAKARA BIO INC.) were used. Conditions of PCR reaction was: 95° C. for 10 seconds, 40 cycles of 95° C. for 5 seconds and 60° C. for 30 seconds, finally, melting curve analysis was conducted. Nucleotide sequences of primers used in the quantitative PCR were described below.

[Quantitative PCR Primer sequences] *mouse GalNAc4S-6ST (TAKARA BIO INC.) Forward: 5′-GTGAGTTCTGCTGCGGTCCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 27) Reverse: 5′-AGTCCATGCTGATGCCCAGAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 28) *mouse procollagen Type 1 alpha 2 (TAKARA BIO INC.) Forward: 5′-ACCCGATGGCAACAATGGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 29) Reverse: 5′-ACCAGCAGGGCCTTGTTCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 30) *mouse α-SMA (TAKARA BIO INC.) Forward:  5′-CATCCGTAAAGACCTCTATGCCAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 31) Reverse: 5′-ATGGAGCCACCGATCCACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32) *mouse rRibosome 18S (TAKARA BIO INC.) Forward: 5′-TTCTGGCCAACGGTCTAGACAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33) Reverse: 5′-CCAGTGGTCTTGGTGTGCTGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34)

As shown in FIG. 2, the expressions of GalNAc4S-6ST, type I collagen, and α-SMA genes were determined, and the result showed that the expression of GalNac4S-6ST was significantly suppressed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-treated group as compared to the untreated group (P<0.001; when compared to the untreated group). Furthermore, the expressions of α-SMA and type I collagen genes were measured as indicators for fibrogenesis, which is an important pathological condition of cardiomyopathy. As a result, the significant reduction of expression were confirmed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-treated group as compared to the untreated group (P<0.001; when compared to the untreated group). This result demonstrates that the target knockdown effect of the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA results in suppression of the progression of myocardial fibrogenesis at the gene expression level.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as myocardial fibrogenesis inhibitors.

Example 2 Cardiac Hypertrophy-Suppressing Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in a Mouse Cardiomyopathy Model

In this Example, the heart weights (mg) and body weights (g) of cardiomyopathy model mice were measured to calculate the heart/body weight ratio which is an indicator for cardiac hypertrophy. The cardiac hypertrophy-suppressing effect of the GalNAc4S-6ST (GalNac) siRNA was evaluated. Cardiac hypertrophy also serves as an indicator for tissue fibrotic change.

FIG. 1 shows the result of calculating the heart weight (mg)/body weight (g) ratios in the siRNA-treated group (n=4) and untreated group (n=4). The result showed that the ratio was 6.376±0.484 and 5.442±0.203 in the untreated and siRNA-treated groups, respectively. Thus, the significant reduction of the ratio was found in the siRNA-treated group as compared to the untreated group (p<0.05; t-test). This suggests that GalNac4S-6ST siRNA has the effect of suppressing pathological cardiac hypertrophy.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as cardiac hypertrophy-suppressing agents (therapeutic agents for cardiac hypertrophy).

Example 3 Assessment of Type I Collagen Deposition-Suppressing Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in a Mouse Cardiomyopathy Model

In this Example, the type I collagen deposition (an indicator of fibrogenesis)-suppressing effect of GalNac4S-6ST siRNA was assessed using heart samples of cardiomyopathy model mice. Cardiac tissue samples were collected from the same mice as described in Example 1, and embedded in OCT compound (Miles), an embedding medium for cryosectioning. The samples were sliced into thin sections using Cryostat (Carl Zeiss). The resulting sections were fixed with acetone (Sigma Aldrich Japan) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. A rabbit antiserum anti-type I collagen (rabbit polyclonal antibody, 1:2,000 dilution; LSL) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, a peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:200 dilution; Cappel) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, DAB substrate (Nichirei) was added to the samples. The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems).

The histological findings were shown in FIG. 3. Very intense positive signals for type I collagen were observed between myocardial fibers in the untreated group. Meanwhile, in the siRNA-treated group, the type I collagen-positive signals were considerably weaker than those of the untreated group. The above-described type I collagen immunostaining result demonstrates that the GalNac4S-6ST siRNA has the effect of suppressing the excessive deposition of type I collagen in myocardial tissues. This result correlates with the result of quantitative PCR described in Example 1.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing type I collagen deposition in myocardial tissues.

Example 4 Assessment of Type III Collagen Deposition-Suppressing Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in a Mouse Cardiomyopathy Model

In this Example, the type III collagen deposition (an indicator of fibrogenesis activity)-suppressing effect of GalNac4S-6ST siRNA was assessed using heart samples of cardiomyopathy model mice. Tissue sections obtained by the same method as described in Example 3 were fixed with acetone (Sigma Aldrich Japan) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. A rabbit antiserum anti-type III collagen (rabbit polyclonal antibody, 1:2000 dilution; LSL) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, a peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:200 dilution; Cappel) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, DAB substrate (Nichirei) was added to the samples. The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems).

The histological findings are shown in FIG. 4. Moderately strong positive signals for type III collagen were observed between myocardial fibers in the untreated group. Meanwhile, in the siRNA-treated group, the type III collagen-positive signals were comparable to those of the control group. The above-described result of type III collagen immunostaining demonstrates that the GalNac4S-6ST siRNA has the effect of suppressing the type III collagen deposition in heart tissues, implying that the siRNA is also effective in suppressing active collagen deposition.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing type III collagen deposition in myocardial tissues.

Example 5 Assessment of Fibroblast Infiltration-Suppressing Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in a Mouse Cardiomyopathy Model

This Example assesses the pharmacological effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA on the kinetics of fibroblasts that infiltrate into cardiac tissues of cardiomyopathy model mice due to DOX administration. Tissue sections obtained by the same method as described in Example 3 were fixed with acetone (Sigma Aldrich Japan) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. An anti-mouse fibroblast antibody (ER-TR7, rat monoclonal antibody, 1:400 dilution; BMA Biomedicals Ltd.) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, a peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rat immunoglobulin antibody (1:200 dilution; Biosource International, Inc.) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences) was added to the samples. The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems).

The histological findings were shown in FIG. 5. The photograph focuses on the ventricular septum. Infiltration of numerous fibroblasts was observed in the untreated group as compared to the control group. In contrast, the degree of fibroblast infiltration in the siRNA-treated group was less as compared to the untreated group. The above-described result shows that GalNac4S-6ST siRNA has the pharmacological effect of suppressing the fibroblast infiltration into myocardial tissues and this activity contributes to the anti-fibrogenic effect.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing fibroblast infiltration into myocardial tissues.

Gastrointestinal Tissue Example 6 Clinical Fibrogenesis-Suppressing Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST in a Mouse Intestinal Fibrosis Model

The colitis model mice were prepared by allowing C57BL/6J mice (female, six weeks old; CLEA Japan Inc.) to freely drink high-concentration chlorine water containing 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS; Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd.) for eight days. The DSS-induced colitis model has excellent reproducibility, and is thus widely used as a typical experimental mouse model for inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, as well as a model with full-thickness inflammation and fibrotic changes, and muscle layer thickening, which are histological characteristics of the narrowing of colon lumen (Sasaki N, J. Inflamm. 2005 2: 13, Review: Pucilowska J B et al. Am J Physiol Gastroenterol Liver Physiol. 279: G653-G659, 2000). Therefore, the histological findings are commonly and widely observed in inflammatory bowel diseases as well as pathological conditions with the histological narrowing of the intestinal lumen, specifically diseases such as intestinal Behcet's disease (simple ulcer), irritable bowel syndrome, ischemic enteritis, drug-induced enteritis, radiation enteritis, esophagus achalasia, esophagostenosis associated with scleroderma, narrowing of the colon lumen associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Hirschsprung's disease, stenosis after removal of intestine (postoperative stricture), narrowing of the intestinal lumen after endoscopic mucosal resection for gastrointestinal cancer (tongue cancer, epipharynx carcinoma, pharyngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, small intestinal cancer, colon cancer, and rectal cancer), and ileus.

Simultaneously to feeding mice with 3% DSS water, the same GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA (1 μg/head) as described in Example 1 was combined with atelocollagen (Koken Co.) prediluted 10-fold with PBS and 200 ml of the mixture was injected to the peritoneal cavities of the mice. The group of mice treated as described above was named “GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA group”, while a group treated with atelocollagen alone without combining GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA was named the “control group”. The body weight and the disease activity index (DAI) score were recorded during seven days of 3% DSS water feeding (Kihara M., Gut. 2003, 52, 713-9). The evaluation criteria for DAI are shown below.

TABLE 1 Stool Index Weight loss consistency Fecal blood 0 None Normal Normal 1  1-5% Hem occult (+) 2 5-10% Loose stools Hem occult (++) 3 10-20%  Hem occult (+++) 4  >20% Diarrhea Gross bleeding

The result of scoring the DAI of each mouse, setting the score on the first day of DSS water feeding (day 0) as 1, is shown in FIG. 6. On the third day, the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group exhibited a significantly lower score as compared to the control group (p<0.001; t-test). This result suggests that suppression of GalNAc4S-6ST gene expression produces the effect of suppressing inflammatory activity at relatively earlier stages.

Furthermore, the mice were sacrificed and their colon lengths were measured on the fifth day. The colon shortening was significantly suppressed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group (p<0.005; t-test) (FIG. 6). The colon length is a definitive indicator that reflects intestinal fibrogenesis or stenosis. Thus, it was also clinically demonstrated that the fibrotic change of intestine was suppressed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing fibrotic changes of the intestine.

Example 7 Intestinal Fibrogenesis-Suppressing Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in a Mouse Intestinal Fibrosis Model

In this Example, the expression of fibrogenesis-related genes in the colon after GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA administration was assessed by the quantitative real-time PCR method.

The intestinal fibrogenesis model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 6. The mice were sacrificed on day 7. A part of the collected colon was placed in 1.5-ml tubes, and frozen with liquid nitrogen. cDNA was synthesized by the same method as that described in Example 1, and quantitative PCR was carried out. The primer sequences and the number of PCR cycle conditions were the same as those described in Example 1.

The result is shown in FIG. 7. The expression of GalNAc4S-6ST gene was enhanced in this model. The significant knockdown of the gene was confirmed by GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA treatment (p<0.001; t-test). Furthermore, the enhanced expression of type I collagen and α-SMA as indicators of fibrogenesis were significantly suppressed by GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA (for both genes, p<0.001; t-test). The result suggests that the enhanced fibrotic changes of the colon can be effectively suppressed by suppressing the expression of GalNAc4S-6ST.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the fibrotic changes of the colon.

Example 8 Tissue Fibrogenesis-Suppressing Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in a Mouse Intestinal Fibrosis Model

The intestinal fibrogenesis model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 6. The mice were sacrificed on day 7. Cryoblocks and tissue sections were prepared from the collected colon by the same method as described in Example 3. Masson-stained images of colonic tissue sections are shown in FIG. 8. Masson staining serves as an indicator to assess fibrotic change of tissues by visualizing collagen fibers. In the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group, the full-thickness (lamina propria mucosae, submucosa, and muscle layer) collagen fiber deposition was significantly suppressed as compared to the control group.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the full-thickness (lamina propria mucosae, submucosa, and muscle layer) collagen fiber deposition.

Example 9 Histological Fibroblast Infiltration-Suppressing Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in a Mouse Intestinal Fibrosis Model

The intestinal fibrogenesis model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 6. The mice were sacrificed on day 7. Cryoblocks and tissue sections were prepared from the collected colon by the same method as described in Example 3. The resulting sections were fixed with acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. An anti-ER-TR7 antibody (rat monoclonal antibody, 1 g/ml; BMA) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out by adding a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution), which was followed by color development by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

As a result, the full-thickness infiltration of fibroblasts was significantly suppressed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (FIG. 9). This result demonstrates that the inhibition of GalNAc4S-6ST gene expression results in suppression of the infiltration and retention of fibroblasts in focal tissue lesion and thereby reduces the enhanced fibrotic change.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the infiltration or retention of fibroblasts.

Example 10 Histological Macrophage Infiltration-Suppressing Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in a Mouse Intestinal Fibrosis Model

The intestinal fibrogenesis model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 6. The mice were sacrificed on day 7. Cryoblocks and tissue sections were prepared from the collected colon by the same method as described in Example 3. The resulting sections were fixed with acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. An anti-F4/80 antibody (clone A3-1, rat monoclonal antibody, 2 g/ml: CALTAG LABORATORIES) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out by adding a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution), which was followed by color development by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

The result showed that the full-thickness macrophage infiltration was significantly suppressed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (FIG. 10). This result demonstrates that the inhibition of GalNAc4S-6ST gene expression resulted in suppression of the infiltration of macrophages and fibroblasts, which are cell groups responsible for the persistent or enhanced fibrotic changes, and thereby comprehensively suppressed the tissue fibrotic changes.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the infiltration of macrophages or fibroblasts.

Example 11 Histological Macrophage Infiltration-Suppressing Effect of GalNAcST siRNA in a Mouse Intestinal Fibrosis Model

GalNAc4S-6ST is an enzyme that transfers a sulfate group to position 6 in N-acetylgalactosamine sulfated at position 4. GalNAc-4ST1 and GalNAc-4ST2, which belong to the 4-O-sulfotransferase family, were assessed in this Example. The intestinal fibrogenesis model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 6. The mice were sacrificed on day 7. In this Example, GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA, GalNAc4ST-1, and GalNAc4ST-2 (GeneWorld) were combined together; 1 μg of the mixture was combined with 200 μl of 1% atelocollagen (Koken Co.), which is a vehicle, and administered intraperitoneally to each mouse. A group administered with the siRNA is referred to as “GalNAc ST siRNA-administered group”. The control group is the same as described in Example 6. The siRNA nucleotide sequences of GalNAc4S-6ST, GalNAc4ST-1, and GalNAc4ST-2 used in this Example are shown below, but the sequence are not limited the Example.

[GalNAc4ST-1 siRNA cocktail sequences] (GenBank accession number NM_175140) (GeneWorld) 5′-ACCCCCAACTCGGAACGATGCGGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35) 5′-TGCATGTTCTCGTCCATCCTGCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 36) 5′-CGCCACCGTGTACTGTACTGTGAAGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 37) 5′-AGGCTGCTCCAACTGGAAGAGGGTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 38) [GalNAc4ST-2 siRNA cocktail sequences] (GenBank accession number NM_199055) (GeneWorld) 5′-ATATAGTATCTAGGATATATGTAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 39) 5′-GAAGTACCAAAAGCTGGCTGCTCTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 40) 5′-TTCTATCACTTGGACTATTTGATGTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 41) 5′-TACACAACTCCACATTTGTAATTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 42) [GALNac4S-6ST siRNA cocktail sequences] (GenBank accession number NM_029935) (GeneWorld) 5′-CCAGAAGCCAAGCTCATTGTTATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 43) 5′-CTGTGGAGAGGTTGTACTCAGACTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 44) 5′-ATTTGCCTGGAAGACAACGTGAGAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 45) 5′-GTCCCTTCTGCAGAAGCTGGGCCCACT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 46)

As investigated in detail in Examples 6 to 10, the tissue fibrotic changes in the mouse intestinal fibrogenesis model can be assessed representatively by the colon length. Accordingly, the colon length on day 7 is shown as an essential evaluation item in this Example. In the GalNAc ST siRNA-administered group, the shortening of colon was significantly suppressed as compared to the control group (p<0.01; t-test) (FIG. 11). It was thus demonstrated that the intestinal fibrogenesis was inhibited by suppressing the expression of the GalNAc4ST-1 and GalNAc4ST-2 genes.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as intestinal fibrogenesis inhibitors.

Lung Tissue Example 12 Effect of C6ST-1 siRNA on Pulmonary Alveolar Interstitium in a Mouse Pulmonary Emphysema Model

A basic mouse pulmonary emphysema model, which is prepared by intratracheal administration of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE), is used in this Example. This mouse model is classical, but highly reproducible and simple. Thus, this mouse model has been used commonly as a pulmonary emphysema model. Inflammatory cell infiltration to the pulmonary alveolar interstitium is observed as a histological feature. This histological finding is commonly detected in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis as well as diseases causing chronic respiratory failure, such as idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs), coniosis, and pulmonary tuberculosis sequelae (Karlinsky J B et al., Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 117: 1109-1133; Otto-Verberne C J et al., Protective effect of pulmonary surfactant on elastase-induced emphysema in mice. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 1223-1230; Janoff A et al., Prevention of elastase-induced experimental emphysema by oral administration of a synthetic elastase inhibitor. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 1025-1029; Christensen T G, et al., Irreversible bronchial goblet cell metaplasia in hamsters with elastase-induced panacinar emphysema. J Clin Invest 1977; 59: 397-404; Lucey E C, et al., Remodeling of alveolar walls after elastase treatment of hamsters: results of elastin and collagen mRNA in situ hybridization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 555-564; Snider G L, Lucey E C, Stone P J. Animal models of emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 149-169).

In this Example, the effect of C6ST-1 siRNA in suppressing emphysematous lesions was examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE staining) of lung tissue samples from pulmonary emphysema model mice.

First, the model mice were prepared. PPE (4 units; Calbiochem-Novabiochem) was administered intratracheally to C57BL6/J mice (female, 5- to 6-weeks old; CLEA Japan). The mice were grown for three weeks after administration, and then lung tissues were collected from them. Mice that did not have PPE administration were used as the control group.

The C6ST-1 siRNA was administered by the same procedure as shown in Example 1: 1 μg of C6ST-1 siRNA (Ambion) was combined with 1% atelocollagen (Koken Co.), which is an siRNA vehicle, and administered to the peritoneal cavities once a week after PPE administration. The dose was 200 μl/head.

*[C6ST-1 siRNA cocktail sequences] (GenBank accession number NM_016803) 5′-gcgccccctctccccatggagaaag-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 47) 5′-gctttgcctcaggatttccgggacc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 48) 5′-ggttcagccttggtctaccgtgatgtc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 49) 5′-gcagttgttgctatgcgacctgtat-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 50)

The collected right lung tissues were embedded in the OCT compound (Miles), an embedding medium for cryosectioning, and cryoblocks were prepared using liquid nitrogen. The cryoblocks were sliced into 6 μm sections using cryostat (Microm).

The resulting sections were fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde (Nacalai Tesque) for 10 minutes, and further fixed with formol-calcium solution for 10 minutes. The sections were washed with phosphate buffer, and then stained with Lillie-Mayer's hematoxylin solution (Sigma Aldrich Japan) at room temperature for 5 minutes. The sections were washed gently with a decolorizing solution (70% ethanol containing 0.5% HCl; prepared using reagents from Nacalai Tesque), and then washed with water for 10 minutes. The sections were stained with eosin-alcohol at room temperature for 5 minutes, and then washed with water for 10 minutes. The sections were washed gently with 100% ethanol, and then allowed to stand for 3 minutes. The sections were further washed gently with xylene (Nacalai Tesque), and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. This sample was histologically observed using a light microscope (Leica Microsystems).

The obtained histological images are shown in FIG. 12. The histological features of a normal lung parenchyma with characteristic faveolate alveolar septal walls are found in the control group (PPE non-administered mice). Meanwhile, emphysematous lesions due to destruction and abolishment of alveolar septal walls and enlargement of air space (characteristics of pulmonary emphysema) can be observed in the untreated group (administered with PPE but not with C6ST-1 siRNA) shown in the middle photograph. On the other hand, in the enzyme-treated group (administered with PPE and C6ST-1 siRNA), slight abolishment of alveolar septal walls and emphysematous lesions can be observed; however, their levels are significantly improved.

Example 13 Pulmonary Interstitial Fibrosis-Suppressing Effect of C6ST-1 siRNA in a Mouse Pulmonary Emphysema Model

In this Example, the expression of fibrosis-related genes in the pulmonary alveolar interstitium after C6ST-1 siRNA administration is assessed by quantitative real-time PCR method.

The COPD model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 12. A part of the collected lung tissue were placed in 1.5-ml tubes, and frozen with liquid nitrogen. cDNA synthesis was carried out by the same method as described in Example 1, and quantitative PCR was conducted. The primer sequences for type I collagen and α-SMA and PCR conditions were also the same as described in Example 1. The sequences of C6ST-1 primers are shown below.

[Quatitative PCR primer sequences] *mouse C6ST-1 (Takara Bio) Forward:  5′-TGTTCCTGGCATTTGTGGTCATA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 51) Reverse:  5′-CCAACTCGCTCAGGGACAAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 52)

The result is shown in FIG. 13. The expression of C6ST-1 gene is enhanced in this model. Significant knockdown of the C6ST-1 gene was confirmed by C6ST-1 siRNA treatment (p<0.01; t-test). Furthermore, the enhanced expression of type I collagen and α-SMA as indicators for fibrogenesis were significantly suppressed by C6ST-1 siRNA (for both genes, p<0.01; t-test). This result suggests that the enhanced fibrotic changes of pulmonary interstitium can be effectively suppressed by inhibiting the expression of C6ST-1.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing fibrotic changes of the pulmonary interstitium.

Example 14 Histological Fibroblast Cell Infiltration-Suppressing Effect of C6ST-1 siRNA in a Mouse Pulmonary Emphysema Model

The intestinal fibrogenesis model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 12. Cryoblocks and tissue sections were prepared from the collected lung tissues by the same method as described in Example 3. The resulting sections were fixed with acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. An anti-ER-TR7 antibody (rat monoclonal antibody, 1 μg/ml; BMA) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out by adding a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution), which was followed by color development by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

As a result, a strong accumulation of fibroblasts was observed in the interstitium with damaged alveolar septa in the control group (FIG. 14; left panel for the control group). Furthermore, accumulation of many fibroblasts was also observed in the interstitium where the alveolar septa were being damaged (FIG. 14; right panel for the control group). Thus, the present inventors obtained the unexpected result that excessive accumulation of fibroblasts lead to the alveolar wall damaging process in pathological conditions such as COPD. Meanwhile, fibroblast infiltration to the interstitium of alveolar tissue was obviously suppressed in the C6ST-1 siRNA-treated group (FIG. 14). It was thus demonstrated that the suppression of C6ST-1 gene expression resulted in inhibition of fibroblast infiltration and retention in the interstitium of alveolar tissue and thereby reduced the enhanced fibrotic changes.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing fibroblast infiltration and retention in the interstitium of alveolar tissue.

Example 15 Histological Macrophage Infiltration-Suppressing Effect of C6ST-1 siRNA in a Mouse Pulmonary Emphysema Model

The COPD model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 12. The collected lung tissues were processed by the same method as described in Example 3 to prepare tissue cryoblocks and sections. The resulting sections were fixed with acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. An anti-F4/80 antibody (clone A3-1, rat monoclonal antibody, 2 μg/ml; CALTAG LABORATORIES) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out by adding a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution), which was followed by color development by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

The result showed that the macrophage infiltration to the pulmonary alveolar interstitium was clearly suppressed in the C6ST-1 siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (FIG. 15). It was thus demonstrated that the suppression of C6ST-1 gene expression resulted in suppression of the infiltration of macrophages and fibroblasts, which are cell groups responsible for the persistent or enhanced fibrotic changes, and thereby comprehensively suppressed the tissue fibrotic changes.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the infiltration of macrophages to the pulmonary alveolar interstitium.

Example 16 Respiratory Function-Preserving Effect of C6ST-1 siRNA in a Mouse Pulmonary Emphysema Model

In this Example, C6ST-1 siRNA was assessed for its influence on respiratory function using static lung compliance (static compliance (Cst)) as an indicator to evaluate the clinical effect of C6ST-1 siRNA in pulmonary emphysema model mice. Cst represents a measure of lung tissue flexibility. Cst is increased in pulmonary emphysema, which is a disease with alveolar tissue damage.

Pulmonary emphysema model mice were prepared by the same procedure described in Example 12, and then treated with C6ST-1 siRNA. An anesthetic agent was given to the mice to stop spontaneous respiration, and then their Cst was monitored using FlexiVent (SCIREQ) respiratory function analyzer in the PV loop mode. Mice were connected to the FlexiVent by the following procedure: a median incision was performed after stopping spontaneous respiration, and then a special cannula was inserted into the trachea, which was followed by peribronchial ligation.

The result of this Example is shown in FIG. 16. Cst was 42.62±2.25 μl/cm H2O in the control group, while it was 51.22±5.2 μl/cm H2O in the untreated group (when compared to the control group, P=0.03; t-test). Thus, a statistically significant increase was observed in the untreated group. In contrast, Cst was 42.92±1.82 μl/cm H2O (when compared to the untreated group, P=0.03; t-test) and thus significantly decreased in the C6ST-1 siRNA-administered group when compared to the untreated group.

It was thus demonstrated that the C6ST-1 siRNA-administered group significantly suppressed the increase in Cst caused by pulmonary emphysema induced by intratracheal administration of PPE. Furthermore, the result described in this Example suggests that the suppression of C6ST-1 gene expression not only suppresses the alveolar damage caused by fibrotic changes of the interstitium of lung tissue but also improves the actual clinical symptoms (respiratory conditions).

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing alveolar damage.

Example 17 Tissue-Preserving Effect of C6ST-1 siRNA in a Mouse Pulmonary Emphysema Model

In pulmonary emphysema, whose characteristic pathological feature is enlarged alveolar air space, the lung capacity is increased with progression of emphysematous lesions. The purpose of this Example is to prove that the therapeutic effect of C6ST-1 siRNA is not only suppression of damage at the cell level but also the effect of morphological maintenance and preservation of the organ.

The pulmonary tissues used in this Example were the right lungs of the same lung tissues as used in Example 12. The lung tissues isolated from mice were gently washed with phosphate buffer and then immersed into phosphate buffer saturated in a glass container. The glass container filled with phosphate buffer was weighed in advance. After the lung tissues were added to the container, lung capacity was calculated by converting the increased weight into a liquid volume.

The result of this Example is shown in FIG. 17. The lung capacity was 277.5±61.85 μl in the control group, while it was 413.33±77.67 ml in the untreated group (when compared to the control group, P=0.024; t-test). Thus, a statistically significant increase of lung capacity was observed in the untreated group. In contrast, the lung capacity was 292.5±51.23 μl and thus significantly decreased in the C6ST-1 siRNA-treated group (when compared to the untreated group P=0.027; t-test) when compared to the untreated group.

These results revealed that the inhibition of C6ST-1 gene expression effectively suppresses the increase in the lung capacity associated with pulmonary emphysema induced by intratracheal administration of PPE. This suggests that the effect is not only the suppression of the damage at the cell level but also the effect of morphological maintenance and preservation of the organ or effect of repairing damaged tissues.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the increase of lung capacity caused by pulmonary emphysema.

Example 18 Pulmonary Interstitial Fibrosis-Suppressing Effect of GalNAcST siRNA in a Mouse Pulmonary Emphysema Model

The importance of sulfation at position 4 and 6 is demonstrated with an additional Example. In this Example, the expression of fibrosis-related genes in the pulmonary alveolar interstitium after GalNAcST siRNA administration was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR method using the same method as described in Example 11. The siRNA sequences are the same as shown in Example 11.

The pulmonary emphysema model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 12. A part of the collected lung tissues were placed into 1.5-ml tubes, and frozen with liquid nitrogen. cDNA synthesis was carried out by the same method as described in Example 1, and assessed by quantitative PCR method. The primer sequences and of PCR conditions were the same as described in Examples 1 and 13. The primer sequences for TGF-β are shown below.

[Primer sequences used in quantitative PCR] *mouse TGF-β (Takara Bio Inc.) Forward:  5′-GTGTGGAGCAACATGTGGAACTCTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 53) Reverse:  5′-TTGGTTCAGCCACTGCCGTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 54)

The result is shown in FIG. 18. The enhanced expression of type I collagen, α-SMA, and TGF-β as indicators for fibrogenesis were also significantly suppressed by GalNAcST siRNA (for all genes, p<0.01; t-test) in this Example. This result demonstrates that the suppression of GAlNAc4ST-1, GAlNAc4ST-2, and GAlNAc4S-6ST expression can effectively inhibit the enhanced fibrotic changes of pulmonary interstitium.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing fibrotic changes in lung interstitium.

Example 19 Respiratory Function-Preserving Effect of GalNAcST siRNA in a Mouse Pulmonary Emphysema Model

In this Example, GAlNAcST siRNA was assessed for its influence on respiratory function using static lung compliance (static compliance (Cst)) as an indicator to evaluate the clinical effect of GAlNAcST siRNA in pulmonary emphysema model mice.

Pulmonary emphysema model mice were prepared by the same procedure described in Example 12, and then treated with GAlNAcST siRNA. The spontaneous respiration of mice was ceased by an anesthetic agent, and then their Cst was monitored using FlexiVent (SCIREQ) respiratory function analyzer in the PV loop mode. Mice were connected to the FlexiVent by the following procedure: a median incision was performed after stopping spontaneous respiration, and then a special cannula was inserted into the trachea, which was followed by peribronchial ligation.

The result of this Example is shown in FIG. 18. Cst was 42.62±2.25 μl/cm H2O in the control group, while it was 51.22±5.2 μl/cm H2O in the untreated group (when compared to the control group, P=0.03; t test). Thus, a statistically significant increase was observed in the untreated group. In contrast, Cst was 44.15±2.29 μl/cm H2O (when compared to the untreated group, P=0.0018; t-test) and thus significantly decreased in the C6ST-1 siRNA-administered group when compared to the untreated group.

It was thus demonstrated that the increase in Cst caused by pulmonary emphysema induced by intratracheal administration of PPE was significantly suppressed in the GalNAcST siRNA-administered group. Furthermore, the result described in this Example suggests that the inhibition of GAlNAc4ST-1, GAlNAc4ST-2, and GAlNAc4S-6ST gene expression not only suppresses the alveolar damage caused by the fibrotic change of interstitium of lung tissue but also improves the actual clinical symptom (respiratory condition).

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing alveolar damage or as an agent for improving respiratory conditions.

Example 20 Tissue-Preserving Effect of GalNAcST siRNA in a Mouse Pulmonary Emphysema Model

The objective of this Example is to prove that the therapeutic effect of GalNAcST siRNA is not only the suppression at the cell level but also the effect of morphological maintenance and preservation of the organ.

The pulmonary tissues used in this Example were the right lungs of the same lung tissues as used in Example 12. The lung tissues isolated from mice were gently washed with phosphate buffer and then immersed in phosphate buffer saturated in a glass container. The glass container filled with phosphate buffer was weighed in advance. After the lung tissues were added to the container, lung capacity was calculated by converting the increased weight into a liquid volume.

The result of this Example is shown in FIG. 20. The lung capacity was 277.5±61.85 μl in the control group, while it was 413.33±77.67 μl in the untreated group (when compared to the control group, P=0.024; t-test). Thus, a statistically significant increase of lung capacity was observed in the untreated group. In contrast, the lung capacity was 315±51.96 μl and thus significantly decreased in the GalNAcST siRNA-treated group (when compared to the untreated group P=0.049; t-test).

When taken together, these results reveal that the inhibition of GAlNAc4ST-1, GAlNAc4ST-2, and GAlNAc4S-6ST gene expressions effectively suppresses the increase in the lung capacity associated with pulmonary emphysema induced by intratracheal administration of PPE. This suggests that the effect is not only the suppression of the damage at the cell level but also the effect of maintaining and preserving the morphology of the organ or the effect of repairing damaged tissues.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for maintaining or preserving lung morphology.

Pancreatic Tissue

The Examples below describe preparation of a type 2 diabetes model by administration of Streptozotocin to C57BL/6JcL mice (female; CLEA Japan Inc.) on day 2 after birth and assessment of the mice for weight and blood glucose changes, gene expression, and fibrotic change of pancreatic tissues caused by treatment with chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (C4ST-1) siRNA, chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 2 (C4ST-2) siRNA, and chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 3 (C4ST-3) siRNA. Each siRNA was administered by the same method as described in Example 1. Sequences are shown below.

*[C4ST-1 siRNA cocktail sequences] C4ST1 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O- sulfotransferase 1) (GenBank accession number NM_021439) 5′- (SEQ ID NO: 55) ACAAAGCCATGAAGCCGGCGCTGCTGGAAGT GATGAGGATGAACAGAATT-3′ 5′-CAACCTGAAGACCCTTAACCAGTACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 56) 5′-GCATCCCAGAGATCAACCACCGCTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 57) *[C4ST-2 siRNA cocktail sequences] C4ST2 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O- sulfotransferase 2) (GenBank accession number NM_021528) 5′-GCCAGGAGTGGGCCCAGCCCAGGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 58) 5′-ATGACCAAGCCGCGGCTCTTCCGGCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 59) 5′-AGAGCCTGCTGGACCGGGGCAGCCCCTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 60) 5′-GAGACCCCCTGGACATCCCCCGGGAACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 61) *[C4ST-3 siRNA cocktail sequences] C4ST3 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O- sulfotransferase 3) (GenBank accession number XM_355798) 5′-ATGACTGTCGCCTGCCACGCGTGCCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 62) 5′-CAGCATGGGAAGACGCTCCTGTTGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 63) 5′-TCCAAGCGCAATCCCTGCGCACGAGGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 64) 5′-GCCTGGCCTGCTGCCCTCGCTGGCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 65)

First, sample preparation was conducted as described below.

Example 21 Assessment of Anti-Obesity Effect of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNA Treatment in Streptozocin-Induced C57BL/6JcL Type 2 Diabetes Model Mice

Gestational Day 14 C57BL/6JcL mice (CLEA Japan Inc.) were reared and allowed to deliver. 10 mg/ml Streptozocin (SIGMA) was subcutaneously administered at 20 μl/head to Day 2 postnatal female C57BL/6JcL mice. The mice were reared with sterile water and CE-2 Diet (CLEA Japan Inc.) until they were four weeks old, and then on sterile water and a High Fat Diet (CLEA Japan Inc.) for the next two weeks. On the second week, 1 μg of a mixture of chondroitin D-N-acaetylgalactosamine-4-β-sulfotransferase 1 (C4ST-1), chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 2 (C4ST-2), and chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 3 (C4ST-3) siRNAs (GeneWorld) were combined with 1% atelocollagen (Koken Co.), which is a vehicle for siRNA, and 200 μl of the mixture was administered into peritoneal cavities once a week, twice in total (for two weeks). On Day 14 of this experiment, 100 μl of 5 mg/ml BrdU (ZyMED Laboratory Inc.) was administered into the tail vein, and one hour after administration the mice were dissected and the liver, pancreas, kidney, testis, ovary, and muscle were isolated to obtain samples for immunostaining and gene expression analysis. The body weight change was monitored over time for 14 days of this Example.

The result is shown in FIG. 21. The vertical axis indicates the body weight (g), while the horizontal axis indicates the monitoring days. FIG. 21 shows that the weight increase tended to be suppressed 10 days after treatment in the C4ST-1 siRNA-treated group, C4ST-2 siRNA-treated group, and C4ST-3 siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group. The weight increase was significantly suppressed on day 18 in the C4ST-2 siRNA-treated group and C4ST-3 siRNA-treated group (both groups; p<0.05). This result suggests that obesity associated with type 2 diabetes can be suppressed by inhibiting the expression of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing body weight increase, or as agents for suppressing obesity associated with type 2 diabetes.

Example 22 Assessment of Insulin Resistance after Treatment with C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs in Streptozocin-Induced C57BL/6JcL Type 2 Diabetes Model Mice

As an insulin-tolerance test, human crystalline insulin (0.75 U/kg) was administered into peritoneal cavities the day before dissection, and 0, 15, and 60 minutes after administration, the blood glucose levels were measured and evaluated using a blood glucose monitor, Glu-Test Ace (BOMBYX Medicine co.). The blood glucose level changes monitored at 0, 15, and 60 minutes after siRNA treatment are shown in FIG. 22. The vertical axis indicates the blood glucose level (mg/dl), while the horizontal axis indicates 0, 15, and 60 minutes after insulin-tolerance test.

FIG. 22 shows that the blood glucose level was not significantly decreased 0 and 15 minutes after treatment in any of the C4ST-1 siRNA-treated group, C4ST-2 siRNA-treated group, and C4ST-3 siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group, while it significantly decreased 60 minutes after treatment in each of the C4ST-1 siRNA-treated group, C4ST-2 siRNA-treated group, and C4ST-3 siRNA-treated group. This result suggests that insulin resistance, which is an essential functional disorder in type 2 diabetes, can be effectively improved by suppressing the expression of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for improving insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.

Example 23 Assessment of Gene Expression in Pancreatic Tissues after Treatment with C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs in Streptozocin-Induced C57BL/6JcL Type 2 Diabetes Model Mice

cDNA was prepared by the same method as described in Example 1 from 50 mg of each organ (pancreas) isolated from Streptozocin-induced female C57BL/6JcL mice. PCR was conducted in the following composition.

2 μl of PCR Buffer [composition: 166 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄ (Sigma Aldrich Japan), 670 mM Tris pH8.8 (Invitrogen), 67 mM MgCl₂.6H₂O (Sigma Aldrich Japan), 100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (WAKO)], 0.8 μl of 25 mM dNTP mix (Invitrogen), 0.6 μl of DMSO (Sigma Aldrich Japan), 0.2 μl of Primer Forward (GeneWorld), 0.2 μl of Primer Reverse (GeneWorld), 15.7 μl of Otsuka distilled water (Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), 0.1 μl of Taq polymerase (Perkin Elmer), and 1 μl of cDNA obtained as described above were combined, and reacted using Authorized Thermal Cycler (eppendorf) at 35 cycles of 94° C. for 45 seconds, 56° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 60 seconds. After the reaction, the obtained PCR products were combined with 2 μl of Loading Dye (Invitrogen). 1.5% agarose gel was prepared using UltraPure Agarose (Invitrogen), and the samples were electrophoresed in a Mupid-2 plus (ADVANCE) at 100 V for 20 minutes. After electrophoresis, the gel was shaken for 20-30 minutes in a stain solution prepared by 10,000 times diluting Ethidium Bromide (Invitrogen) with 1× LoTE (composition: 3 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) (Invitrogen), 0.2 mM EDTA (pH 7.5) (Sigma Aldrich Japan)). The gel was photographed with EXILIM (CASIO) positioned on I-Scope WD (ADVANCE) and the gene expression was confirmed.

Primers (Forward and Reverse) (GeneWorld) used are described in the following.

[Primer sequences] *GAPDH Forward:  5′-CTGCCAAGTATGACATCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 66) Reverse:  5′-TACTCCTTGGAGGCCATGTAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 67) *C4ST1 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O- sulfotransferase 1) Forward: 5′-gtggatgaggaccacgaact-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 68) Reverse: 5′-cttttcaagcggtggttgat-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 69) *C4ST2 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O- sulfotransferase 2) Forward:  5′-acctctagacccacacacg-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 70) Reverse:  5′-ggatgttggcaaaccagtct-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 71) *C4ST3 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O- sulfotransferase 3) Forward:  5′-atgagcccttcaacgaacac-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 72) Reverse:  5′-tggtagaaggggctgatgtc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 73)

Result is shown in FIG. 23. GAPDH expression, which is used as a positive control, was confirmed by RT-PCR in the control group, C4ST1 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 1), C4ST2 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 2), and C4ST3 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 3). Compared to the control group, expression was reduced in C4ST1 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 1) siRNA-, C4ST2 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 2) siRNA-, C4ST3 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 3) siRNA-treated groups, and C4ST1 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 1), C4ST2 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 2), C4ST3 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 3) gene knockdown was confirmed by administration of Atellocollagen-mediated C4ST1 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 1) siRNA, C4ST2 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 2) siRNA, C4ST3 (Chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 3) siRNA.

Example 24 Assessment of Accumulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Pancreas after Treatment with C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs in Streptozocin-Induced C57BL/6JcL Type 2 Diabetes Model Mice

In this Example, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) deposition-suppressing effect of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs was assessed using pancreatic tissue samples of type 2 diabetes model mice. The deposition of APP and amyloid fibers in islets including β cells has long been known to be an important histopathological feature of type 2 diabetes. In recent years, APP has been demonstrated to be involved in Alzheimer's disease (Johnson K H et al. N Eng J Med 321: 513, 1989; Rhodes C J. Science 307: 380, 2005; Haan M N. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3: 159, 2006; Prentki M et al. J Clin Invest 116: 1802, 2006).

The prepared sections of tissue samples were stained with a goat anti-amyloid precursor protein antibody (Calbiochem) by the same method as described in Example 3 to assess its expression at the tissue level. FIG. 24 shows histological images of the normal mouse group, control group, and C4ST-2 siRNA-treated group. The APP deposition is enhanced in the islets of type 2 diabetes model mice. The deposition was demonstrated to be clearly suppressed in the C4ST-2 siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing amyloid fiber deposition.

Example 25 Histological Fibroblast Infiltration-Suppressing Effect of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNA Treatment in Streptozocin-Induced C57BL/6JcL Type 2 Diabetes Model Mice

Cryoblocks and tissue sections were prepared from the collected pancreatic tissues by the same method as described in Example 3. The resulting sections were fixed with acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. An anti-ER-TR7 antibody (rat monoclonal antibody, 1 μg/ml; BMA) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out by adding a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution), and color development was performed by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

The result showed that the fibroblast infiltration to pancreatic islets was significantly suppressed in each of the C4ST-1 siRNA-, C4ST-2 siRNA-, and C4ST-3 siRNA-treated groups as compared to the control group (FIG. 25). This result demonstrates that the inhibition of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 gene expression reduces the enhanced tissue fibrotic change by suppressing the fibroblast infiltration and retention in islets containing β cells.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing fibroblast infiltration to islets.

Example 26 Histological Macrophage Infiltration-Suppressing Effect of Treatment with C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4ST-3 siRNAs in Streptozocin-Induced C57BL/6JcL Type 2 Diabetes Model Mice

Cryoblocks and tissue sections were prepared from the collected pancreatic tissues by the same method as described in Example 3. The resulting sections were fixed with acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. An anti-F4/80 antibody (clone A3-1, rat monoclonal antibody, 2 μg/ml; CALTAG LABORATORIES) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out by adding a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution), and color development was performed by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

The result showed that the macrophage infiltration to the pancreatic islets was significantly suppressed in each of the C4ST-1 siRNA-, C4ST-2 siRNA-, and C4ST-3 siRNA-treated groups as compared to the control group (FIG. 26). This finding demonstrates that the suppression of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C4st-3 gene expression resulted in general inhibition of the tissue fibrotic changes via suppression of the infiltration of macrophages and fibroblasts, which are cell groups responsible for the persistent or enhanced fibrotic changes.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the infiltration of macrophages to the pancreatic islets.

Example 27 Assessment of Insulin Resistance after GalNAcST siRNA Treatment in Streptozocin-Induced C57BL/6JcL Type 2 Diabetes Model Mice

The importance of sulfation at position 4 and 6 is demonstrated with an additional Example. In this Example, the improvement of insulin resistance by GalNAcST siRNA administration is assessed using the same methods as described in Examples 11 and 18. The type 2 diabetes model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 21, and the insulin resistance was tested by the same method as described in Example 22. The result is shown in FIG. 27.

GalNAcST siRNA administration exhibited a good antihyperglycemic effect after insulin loading. This result suggests that the insulin resistance arising from fibrotic changes in islets of pancreatic tissues can be effectively improved by suppressing the expression of GalNAc4ST-1, GalNAc4ST-2, and GalNAc4S-6ST.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as hypoglycemic agents or as agents for improving the insulin resistance of pancreatic tissue.

Kidney Tissue

Fibrotic changes of kidney tissue are thought to be the endpoints of various kidney diseases. (1) From a classical point of view, tubulointerstitial disease is understood as a representative disease caused by renal fibrogenesis. This disease includes Sjogren's syndrome, transplant rejection (chronic allograft nephropathy, etc.), and graft-versus-host reaction (graft-versus-host disease, etc.), in addition to drug-induced, infective, radiation-induced, and heavy metal-induced interstitial renal disorders. (2) Renal fibrogenesis also includes renovascular disease. Renovascular disease includes nephrosclerosis associated with hypertension. In recent years, this disease also includes fibrogenesis associated with arteriosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, interstitial fibrogenesis also occurs as a result of proteinuria or the like in primary glomerular disease, which leads to renal failure. Thus, renal fibrotic changes can also be developed in: (3) primary glomerular disease and (4) secondary glomerular diseases. The diseases of (3) include IgA nephropathy, minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome, membranous nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FGFS). The diseases of (4) include diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), nephropathy associated with chronic rheumatoid arthritis, amyloid nephropathy, and nephropathy associated with type B or C hepatitis. (5) Finally, renal fibrogenesis also includes interstitial kidney diseases caused by urinary obstruction, including urinary lithiasis, tumors, and neurogenic bladder dysfunctions.

Recently, the group of diseases listed above has been collectively named “chronic kidney disease (CKD)” as a clinical concept which is classified and diagnosed based on the decree of kidney function. CKD gradually progresses through interstitial fibrotic changes, leading to chronic renal failure, and then end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Conventionally, only dialysis has been a definitive treatment for ESRD. Although the possibility of slowing down progression to ESRD has been suggested by using an antihypertensive agent that act on the angiotensin system, therapeutic methods that target renal fibrogenesis itself have not been established. There is a desperate need for new CKD treatment. In terms of the progression process of pathological conditions, treatment targeting fibrotic changes is of the greatest significance as a common therapeutic strategy regardless of the type of primary disease. It has been reported that there are 500 million CKD patients worldwide. It is predicted that the number of patients will continue to increase in the future due to altered lifestyle habits. In addition, a large-scale trial revealed the very high risk of death from a cardiovascular disorder before receiving dialysis. Thus, considering CKD as a disease of the 21st century, active treatment of CKD is a significant challenge in the medical community (Sergio A et al., Hypertension 38: 635, 2001; Weiner D E et al., JASN 15: 1307, 2004; Anavekar N S et al., N Eng J Med 351: 1285, 2004; Remuzzi G et al., J Clin Invest 116: 288, 2006; Tonelli M et al., BMJ 332: 1426, 2006; Khwaja A et al., Kidney International doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002489).

In the next Examples, the inhibition of sugar chain-related genes that modify the sulfate group at position 4 or 6 was assessed for the effect on histological fibrotic changes in the renal interstitium.

Example 28 Assessment of Anti-Fibrogenic Effect of C4ST-1 siRNA in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

A type 2 diabetes model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 21 Gestational Day 14 of C57BL/6JcL mice (CLEA Japan Inc.) were reared and allowed to deliver. Streptozotocin (STZ; Sigma) was administered to Day 2 postnatal C57BL/6JcL mice to prepare a STZ-induced diabetes model. The mice were subcutaneously injected with 20 μl of STZ (10 mg/ml) three times for two days. Thus, a total of 60 μl was administered to the mice. Together with their mothers, the mice were fed with a normal diet until they are four weeks old. After weanling at the age of four completed weeks, the mice were fed with a High Fat Diet (CLEA Japan Inc.) for two weeks. In the second week, 1 μg of chondroitin D-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (C4ST-1) siRNA (GeneWorld) was combined with 0.1% atelocollagen (Koken Co.), which is a vehicle for siRNA, and 200 μl of the resulting mixture was administered into peritoneal cavities once a week (one shot/week) twice in total (for two weeks). On day 14 of this experiment, the mice were dissected and their kidneys were isolated to obtain samples for immunostaining. Gene expression, body weight, and effect on insulin resistance are described in Examples 21, 22, and 23.

The prepared sections of kidney tissue samples were fixed with acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. An anti-F4/80 antibody (clone A3-1, rat monoclonal antibody, 2 μg/ml; CALTAG LABORATORIES) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out by adding a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution), and color development was performed by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

The result showed that the infiltration of fibroblasts (ER-TR7-positive cells) in the renal cortex and medulla was less in the C4ST-1 siRNA-treated group as compared to that in the control group (FIG. 28; the original images are in color). The ER-TR7-positive cells were counted to quantify the fibrogenesis in inflammatory cells. Each sample was observed with ten microscopic optical fields under a microscope at a magnification of 400 fold, and the number of positive cell were counted and compared between the control group and C4ST-1 siRNA-treated group. The result showed that the ER-TR7 positivity ratio was significantly reduced in the C4ST-1 siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Example 29 Assessment of C4ST-1 siRNA for its Effect on Macrophage Infiltration in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

The prepared sections of kidney tissue samples were fixed with acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. An anti-ER-TR7 antibody (rat monoclonal antibody, 1 μg/ml; BMA) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out by adding a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution), and color development was performed by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

The result showed that the infiltration of macrophages (F4/80-positive cells) in the renal cortex and medulla was less in the C4ST-1 siRNA-treated group as compared to that in the control group (FIG. 29; the original images are in color). Furthermore, the tissue lesions were quantified by the same method as described in Example 28. The result showed that the macrophage positivity ratio was significantly reduced in the C4ST-1 siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Example 30 Assessment of C4ST-1 siRNA for Fibroblast Activation in Tissues in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

The sections of kidney tissue samples were fixed with acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) for ten minutes, and washed with phosphate buffer. An anti-human smooth muscle actin antibody (αSMA: mouse monoclonal antibody, 1:100; DACO) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out using Histofine Mouse Stain kit (Nichirei), and color development was performed by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

The result showed that αSMA-positive cells retained in juxtaglomerular and interstitial areas were significantly reduced in the C4ST-1 siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (FIG. 30; the original images are in color). αSMA serves as a functional marker for fibroblast activation. This result demonstrates that inhibition of C4ST-1 gene expression suppress activation of fibroblasts infiltrating in the tissue.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as fibroblast activation inhibitors.

Example 31 Assessment of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA for Tissue Fibrogenic Alteration in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

The diabetic nephropathy model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 28 to assess the effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA. In this Example, the follow-up examination was carried out over a longer period of time. The sequence of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNAs was the same as shown in Example 1. The siRNAs were administered into peritoneal cavities once at the age of eight weeks and once again at age of nine weeks. Furthermore, as a control for comparison, Valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), was orally administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg on the same schedule. Kidney tissues were collected at the age of ten weeks to conduct immunohistochemical and gene expression tests. To assess the gene expression in the kidney tissues, quantitative PCR was carried out by the same method as described in Example 1. In this Example, 36B4 was used as an internal control. The sequence of 36B4 is shown below.

[Primer sequences used in quantitative PCR] *mouse 36B4 (Takara Bio) Forward:  5′-TTCCAGGCTTTGGGCATCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 74) Reverse:  5′-ATGTTCAGCATGTTCAGCAGTGTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 75)

The result is shown in FIG. 31 (GalNAc4S-6ST is abbreviated as G#1 in this figure). In the diabetic nephropathy model, the expression of GalNAc4S-6ST in kidney tissues is enhanced. The administration of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA significantly suppressed not only the expression of GalNAc4S-6ST gene in kidney tissues but also the enhanced expression of αSMA and TGFβ, which are fibrosis markers. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by comparing with that of ARB, and the result showed that the TGFβ-suppressing effect was observed in both groups and there was no significant difference between the two while the αSMA-suppressing effect was significant in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group as compared to the ARB-administered group. This result suggests that the markers for fibrotic changes in kidney tissues can be suppressed by inhibiting the expression of GalNAc4S-6ST gene. The result also demonstrates that GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA showed a markedly superior effect in terms of fibroblast activation (enhancement of αSMA).

Example 32 Assessment of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA for Fibroblast Infiltration in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

The degree of fibroblast infiltration into kidney tissues was quantitatively evaluated by conducting an immunohistochemical study using the same method as described in Example 28. The result is shown in FIG. 32. Fibroblast infiltration to kidney tissues was significantly suppressed by GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA administration. A quantitative evaluation over the entire interstitium did not show any significant difference between GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA administration and ARB treatment. Meanwhile, when the evaluation was restricted to fibroblasts infiltrating in juxtaglomerular areas, a significant suppressing effect was observed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group, as shown in the figure.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing fibroblast infiltration into renal interstitium.

Example 33 Assessment of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in Macrophage Infiltration in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

The degree of fibroblast infiltration into kidney tissues was quantitatively evaluated by conducting an immunohistochemical study using the same method as described in Example 29. The result is shown in FIG. 33. Macrophage infiltration into kidney tissues was significantly suppressed by GalNAc4S-6ST administration. A quantitative evaluation over the entire interstitium did not show any significant difference between GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA administration and ARB treatment. Meanwhile, when the evaluation was restricted to macrophages infiltrating in juxtaglomerular areas, a significant suppressing effect was observed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group, as shown in the figure.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing macrophage infiltration to renal interstitium.

Example 34 Assessment of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in Glomerular Basement Membrane Thickening in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

Type IV collagen was immunostained by the same method as described in Examples 32 and 33. A rabbit anti-mouse type IV collagen antiserum (LSL) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out by adding a peroxidase-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:200 dilution), and color development was performed by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

The thickness of collagen visualized as brown signals surrounding glomeruli was measured to quantify the accumulation of type IV collagen. 15 to 20 glomeruli were assessed for each sample. The thickness of the thickest portion around a glomerulus was measured on a display monitor using vernier calipers. The result showed that glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening was significantly suppressed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group as compared to the control group (FIG. 34). The thickening tended to be suppressed more markedly in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group as compared to ARB.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing glomerular basement membrane thickening.

Example 35 Assessment of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in the Angiotensin Pathway in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

Angiotensin II has been reported to be involved in fibrogenesis in diabetic nephropathy. In this Example, the angiotensin pathway in kidney tissues was assessed by quantitative PCR. The expression of angiotensinogen and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is enhanced in this model (FIG. 35). The enhanced expression was speculated to be a factor responsible for the renal enhancement of angiotensin II. The effect on suppressing angiotensinogen and ACE was observed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group (FIG. 35). The result demonstrates that GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA also produces an improving effect on the angiotensin pathway through suppression of fibroblast infiltration and activation by suppressing the GalNAc4S-6ST gene.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the expression of angiotensinogen or as an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.

Example 36 Assessment of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in Serum Creatinine Concentration in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

Serum creatinine is a most commonly used clinical marker for renal function. The serum creatinine concentration is elevated due to impaired renal function during the process from diabetic nephropathy to ESRD. However, it has been revealed that functional nephrons are already functionally impaired by 50% when the serum creatinine level is elevated. Protecting renal function before the creatinine level increases is a clinically important challenge.

In this model as well, elevation of serum creatinine level was observed eventually at the age of 18 weeks when histological fibrogenesis had already progressed (FIG. 36). The elevation of serum creatinine was suppressed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-administered group as compared to the control group (FIG. 36). This result suggests that inhibition of the GalNAc4S-6ST gene results in suppression of fibrotic changes of renal tissue and thereby suppresses the elevation of serum creatinine, i.e., the deterioration of renal function. Thus, suppression of the GalNAc4S-6ST gene produces a very beneficial renal protective effect.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the deterioration of renal function, or as a renal protective agent.

Example 37 Assessment of Anti-Fibrogenic Effect of GalNAcST siRNA in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

The importance of sulfation at position 4 and 6 is shown with an additional Example. The effect of GalNAcST siRNA administration on fibrotic changes in the renal interstitium was assessed by the same method as described in Example 11. The schedule of GalNAcST siRNA administration is the same as described in Example 28. Quantitative PCR was carried out using kidney tissues by the same method as described Example 31. In this Example, -actin was used as an internal control. The sequence of -actin is shown below.

[Quantitative PCT primer sequences] *mouse β actin (Takara Bio) Forward:  5′-CATCCGTAAAGACCTCTATGCCAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 76) Reverse:  5′-ATGGAGCCACCGATCCACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 77)

As shown in FIG. 37, the expression of GalNAc4ST-1, GalNAc4ST-2, and GalNAc4S-6ST was enhanced in kidney tissues in the diabetic nephropathy model. The expression of all the genes was significantly suppressed by administering GalNAcST siRNA.

Example 38 Assessment of Anti-Fibrogenic and Kidney-Protecting Effects of GalNAcST siRNA in a Mouse Diabetic Nephropathy Model

The enhanced expression of αSMA, TGFβ, and CTGF, which are fibrogenesis markers for kidney tissue fibrogenesis, was significantly suppressed in the GalNAcST siRNA-administered group as compared to the control group (FIG. 38). The enhanced expression of ACE was also significantly suppressed in the GalNAcST siRNA-administered group. This result demonstrates that inhibition of GalNAc4ST-1, GalNAc4ST-2, and GalNAc4S-6ST expression results in suppression of kidney tissue fibrogenesis and renal protection. Together with the result of Example 35, the fact that ACE was markedly reduced by suppressing any of the genes demonstrates that they have a hypotensive effect.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as antihypertensive agents.

Example 39 Assessment of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA for Gene Expression in a Mouse Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis Model

This Example assesses the effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA on a typical drug-induced interstitial nephritis. First, the mouse model is prepared as described below. Adriamycin (15 mg/kg; Kyowa Hakko) was administered to the peritoneal cavities of C57BL6/J mice (male, eight weeks old, CLEA Japan Inc.). The mice were reared for one week after administration, and then kidney tissues were collected from them. As a control group, mice of the same lineage and age were also purchased and reared in the same period, but Adriamycin was not given to them.

GalNac 4S-6ST siRNA was administered by the same method as described in Example 1: 1 μg of GalNac 4S-6ST siRNA (Hokkaido System Science Co.) was combined with 200 μl of 1% atelocollagen (Koken Co.), which is a vehicle, and the resulting mixture was administered intraperitoneally to each mouse 24 hours before Adriamycin administration. The expression of GalNac4S-6ST is also enhanced in kidney tissues in the typical drug-induced interstitial nephritis model described in this Example (FIG. 39). The expression was significantly suppressed by administering GalNac4S-6ST siRNA.

Example 40 Assessment of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA in Gene Expression in a Mouse Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis Model

In this Example, immunostaining of type I collagen was carried out by the same method as described in Example 34. A rabbit anti-rat type I collagen antiserum (LSL) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out by adding a peroxidase-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:200 dilution), and color development was performed by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). Then, the nucleus was stained by Lillie-Mayer hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals Co.). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

The result is shown in FIG. 40. Diffuse deposition of type I collagen was observed over juxtaglomerular and interstitial areas in the control group, while the deposition was markedly suppressed in the GalNac4S-6ST-administered group. This result suggests that fibrotic changes in kidney tissues can also be suppressed by suppressing the expression of GalNac4S-6ST in the drug-induced interstitial nephritis.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing fibrotic changes in kidney tissues.

Example 41 Assessment of Anti-Fibrosis Effect of C6ST siRNA in Renal Fibrosis Model Mice Induced by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO)

First, a mouse model for renal fibrosis is prepared as described below. Renal fibrosis model mouse was prepared by conducting unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) to C57BL/6JcL mice (female, eight weeks old; CLEA Japan Inc.). This model has excellent reproducibility, and is thus widely used as an experimental mouse renal fibrosis model (American Journal of Pathology 2003 163 (4): 1261-1273). Mice were subjected to laparotomy under Ketalar/xylazine anesthesia. The ureters were exposed and the right ureter was ligated at two sites with 4-0 surgical suture. The peritoneum and skin were closed with 1-0 surgical suture.

The effect of inhibiting C6ST expression by C6ST siRNA administration was checked by PCR method using renal fibrosis model mice prepared by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), as a typical example of renal fibrosis model mice. The renal fibrosis model was prepared by conducting UUO to C57BL/6JcL mice (female, eight weeks old; CLEA Japan Inc.). A mixture of C6ST-1 and C6ST-2 siRNAs (1 g/head; GeneWorld) or PBS was combined with 0.1% atelocollagen (Koken Co.), which is a vehicle for siRNA, and 200 l of the resulting mixture was injected into the peritoneal cavity of each mouse. Groups of mice treated as described above were named C6ST siRNA group and control group. On day 8 of the experiment, the mice were dissected to excise the UUO-treated kidney. Thus, samples for immunostaining and gene expression analysis were obtained from the mice. Quantitative PCR was carried out by the same method as described in Example 1.

C6ST-1 siRNA, C6ST-2 primers (Forward, Reverse) (GeneWorld) used herein are shown below.

[Primer sequences] *C6ST1 (Chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1) Forward: 5′-tgtgtggacacacctcccta-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 78) Reverse: 5′-cttcaaaggtccccttcctc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 79) *C6ST2 (Chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-2) Forward: 5′-cagcttgagccatttcaaca-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 80) Reverse: 5′-gggtgaggcctttaggaac-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 81) [C6ST-1 cocktail sequences] (Gene Bank accession number NM_016803) (GeneWorld) 5′-gcgccccctctccccatggagaaag-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 82) 5′-gctttgcctcaggatttccgggacc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 83) 5′-ggttcagccttggtctaccgtgatgtc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 84) 5′-gcagttgttgctatgcgacctgtat-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 85) [C6ST-2 cocktail sequences] (Gene Bank accession number NM_021715) (GeneWorld) 5′-tggggagagtgaggattcggtgaa-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 86) 5′-cggacgtgggactcgtcgaggacaaag-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 87) 5′-cgaaagtacctgcccgtcccgtttcgc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 88)

The result showed that the expression of C6ST-2 (G#10) was enhanced in the kidney (FIG. 41; C6ST-2 is abbreviated as G#10). The expression level was decreased in the C6ST siRNA-treated group. The C6ST-2 gene knockdown was confirmed in the atelocollagen-mediated C6ST siRNA administration (FIG. 41). The C6ST siRNA administration also significantly suppressed the enhanced expression of fibrogenesis markers: TGFβ, αSMA, type I collagen, and CTGF.

Example 42 Assessment of C6ST siRNA for Fibroblast Infiltration in Renal Fibrosis Model Mice Induced by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO)

The isolated tissues were embedded in OCT compound (Sakura Finetechnical Co.), an embedding medium for cryosectioning. Cryoblocks were prepared using liquid nitrogen, and sliced into 6-μm thick sections using Cryostat (Micro-edge Instruments Co.). The resulting sections were immunostained by the same method as described in Example 28 using an anti-ER-TR7 antibody. The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals and quantified.

The result showed that the accumulation of fibroblasts in the renal interstitium was significantly suppressed in the UUO-treated kidney in the C6ST siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (FIG. 42).

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing fibroblast accumulation in kidney interstitium.

Example 43 Assessment of C6ST siRNA in Macrophage Infiltration in Renal Fibrosis Model Mice Induced by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO)

Immunostaining and quantitation was carried out by the same method as described in Example 42 using an anti-F4/80 antibody. The result showed that the accumulation of macrophages in the renal interstitium was significantly suppressed in the UUO-treated kidney in the C6ST siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (FIG. 43).

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing macrophage accumulation in kidney interstitium.

Example 44 Assessment of C6ST siRNA in Collagen Accumulation in a Renal Fibrosis Mouse Model Included by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO)

Immunostaining was carried out by the same method as described in Example 42 using an anti-type IV collagen antibody, and quantitation was achieved by the same method as described in Example 34. The result showed that the fibrous thickening of glomerular basement membrane in the UUO-treated kidney was significantly suppressed in the C6ST siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (FIG. 44). This suggests that the infiltration and fibrogenesis of inflammatory cells can be suppressed by inhibiting the expression of C6ST-2 gene.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the infiltration of inflammatory cells.

Example 45 Assessment of C6ST siRNA for Fibroblast Activation in a Renal Fibrosis Mouse Model Induced by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO)

Immunostaining was carried out by the same method as described in Example 30 using an αSMA antibody. The result showed that αSMA-positive cells were clearly decreased in the interstitium, juxtaglomerular areas in particular, of the UUO-treated kidneys in the C6ST siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (FIG. 45). This result suggests that the activation of fibroblasts accumulating in the renal interstitium is suppressed by inhibiting the expression of C6ST-1 and C6ST-2 genes.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing the activation of fibroblasts in the renal interstitium.

Example 46 Assessment of C6ST siRNA in ACE Expression in a Renal Fibrosis Mouse Model Induced by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO)

Immunostaining was carried out by the same method using a rabbit anti-human ACE antibody (Santa Cruz). The result showed that ACE-positive cells were clearly decreased in the interstitium, juxtaglomerular areas in particular, of the UUO-treated kidneys in the C6ST siRNA-treated group as compared to the control group (FIG. 46). This result demonstrates that inhibition of C6ST-2 gene expression results in the suppression of ACE expression with the suppression of the activation of fibroblasts accumulated in the renal interstitium. Suppression of ACE produces a hypotensive effect. Thus, the result described above strongly suggests that C6ST siRNA has antihypertensive activity or arteriosclerosis-suppressing effect.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as arteriosclerosis-suppressing agents.

Ocular Tissue

Like other organs, fibrotic changes in ocular tissues occur as a result of invasion due to various causes. This leads to impairment and/or loss of vision. Such major diseases include diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa. The diseases also include fibrogenesis associated with corneal inflammation, glaucoma, or cataract (reviews: Fiedlander M. J Clin Invest 117: 576-586, 2007; Harada T et al. Genes and Dev. 21: 367-378, 2007). From the histopathological viewpoint, damage/decrease of photoreceptor cells caused by fibrogenesis is the major cause of visual loss. Thus, suppressing fibrogenesis in ocular tissues has been expected as a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent visual loss in all ocular diseases.

Next Examples focus on retinal fibrogenesis and the resulting loss of photoreceptor cells in a diabetic retinopathy model.

Example 47 Assessment of GalNAc4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA in Collagen Accumulation in a Mouse Diabetic Retinopathy Model

Gestational Day 14 C57BL6J/JcL mice (CLEA Japan Inc.) were reared and allowed to deliver. 10 mg/ml Streptozocin (SIGMA) was subcutaneously administered at 20 μl/head to Day 2 postnatal female C57BL6J/JcL mice. The mice were reared with sterile water and CE-2 Diet (CLEA Japan Inc.) until they were four weeks old, and then with sterile water and a High Fat Diet (CLEA Japan Inc.) for subsequent two weeks. 1 μg of GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA (Hokkaido System Science Co.) was combined with 200 μl of 1% atelocollagen (Koken Co.), which is a vehicle, and the resulting mixture was administered into the peritoneal cavity of each mouse in the eighth and ninth week by the same method as described in Example 11. In the 18th week, eye balls were excised from mice of the two groups and immunohistochemically examined to assess the effect of GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA.

Cryoblocks and sections were prepared from the excised eye balls. The sections were fixed with acetone (Sigma Aldrich Japan) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. A rabbit anti-type IV collagen antiserum (1:2000 dilution; LSL) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, a peroxidase-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:25 dilution; Cappel) was added as the secondary antibody, and the samples were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, an enzyme-mediated chromogenic reaction was conducted by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems).

Obtained histology of the retina is shown in FIG. 47. In the control group, the deposition of type IV collagen was increased over the region from ganglion cell layer (GCL) to inner nuclear layer (INL), which is essential for vision. By contrast, the increase of collagen in GCL in particular, was significantly suppressed in the GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA-administered group.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing collagen increase in the ganglion cell layer.

Example 48 Assessment of GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA in the Accumulation of Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan in a Mouse Diabetic Retinopathy Model

The retina was immunohistochemically assessed using the same method as described in Example 47. An anti-chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) antibody (clone CS56, mouse monoclonal antibody, 1:100; Seikagaku Co.) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out using Histofine Mouse Stain kit (Nichirei; used for mouse monoclonal antibody).

As shown in FIG. 48, a significant enhancement of CS56-positive signals were observed in GCL, and the segment from outer nuclear layer (ONL) to pigmented cell layer of retina in the control group. In contrast, the CS56 signal intensity was markedly reduced in the GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA-administered group. Thus, gangliocytes and retinal pigment epithelial cells were morphologically well preserved in GCL.

The result described above demonstrates that in vivo administration of GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA significantly suppresses the induced CSPG deposition in retinal tissues in this model mouse. Together with collagen, CSPG is considered to be essential for the formation of fibrogenic lesions. Furthermore, CSPG has been reported to inhibit the process of axon extension of gangliocyte (Brittis P A et al., Science 255: 733, 1992). Previously published reports only describe results of in vitro experiments and developmental process. Thus, the role in in vivo pathological lesions still remains unknown. However, the result described herein for the first time suggests the role of CSPG in lesional tissues.

Example 49 Assessment of GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA in the Accumulation of Glial Cells in a Mouse Diabetic Retinopathy Model

Optic nerve regeneration has been reported to serve as a biological defense mechanism after retinal damage. Meanwhile, it is reported that the optic nerve progenitor cells responsible for such regeneration after injury are glial cells (Fischer A J et al., Nature neuroscience 4: 247, 2001; Ooto S et al., PNAS 101: 13645, 2004). In this Example, immunostaining was carried out using a goat anti-GFAP antibody (Santa Cruz) as a glial cell marker by the same method as described in Example 47.

The result is shown in FIG. 49. The number of GFAP-positive glial cells was not altered in both normal and control groups. In contrast, the cell count was markedly increased in the area from INL to GCL in the GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA-administered group. Optic nerve regeneration has been reported to occur from INL toward GCL. Thus, the result described above suggests the process of active optic nerve regeneration induced by GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for regenerating the optic nerve.

Example 50 Assessment of GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA in Gangliocytes in a Mouse Diabetic Retinopathy Model

Gangliocytes were quantified using samples prepared in Example 47. The result revealed that GCL gangliocytes were reduced in the diabetic retinopathy model but the loss was significantly recovered by GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA administration (FIG. 50).

Example 51 Assessment of GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA in Gene Expression in a Mouse Diabetic Retinopathy Model

RNA was extracted from ocular tissues and quantitative PCR was carried out by the same method as described in Example 1. The ability to regenerate the optic nerve was assessed by analyzing changes in the expression of glutamate synthetase (GS), which is a Muller cell marker. The sequences of PCR primers are shown below.

[Quantitative PCR primer sequences] *mouse GS (Takara Bio Inc.) Forward: 5′-CTGTGAGCCCAAGTGTGTGGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 89) Reverse: 5′-GTCTCGAAACATGGCAACAGGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 90)

The result is shown in FIG. 51. Administration of GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA could significantly inhibit the enhanced expression of GalNAc4S-6ST in ocular tissues. The expression inhibition resulted in a significant increase in the expression of GS in ocular tissues in the GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA-administered group. The result described above shows that GalNac4S-6ST (G#1) siRNA administration results in Muller cell regeneration, i.e., optic nerve restoration.

This Example revealed that fibrotic changes of retinal tissues could be suppressed by inhibiting the expression of GalNAc4S-6ST gene, which led to the prevention of photoreceptor cell loss through the regeneration of gangliocytes. This histological feature is commonly observed in a wide variety of ocular diseases with fibrosis including glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for regenerating Muller cells or gangliocytes.

Liver Tissue

Fibrotic changes in liver tissues are the progressive or terminal stage of various liver diseases. Liver fibrogenesis results from various liver diseases, including viral hepatitis (type A, B, C, D, E, and G viral hepatitis), alcohol liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD and NASH), metabolic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, idiopathic portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari's syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, biliary disorders (including biliary atresia and biliary dilation), biliary atresia caused by pancreatic diseases such as tumor, graft-versus-host reaction, and chronic rejection (Bataller R et al., J Clin Invest 115: 209, 2005; Iredale J P. J Clin Invest 117: 539, 2007). Fibrotic changes of liver at the tissue level were assessed in the next Examples.

Example 52 Assessment of GalNAcST siRNA in Gene Expression in a Mouse Fatty Liver Disease Model

Gestational day 14 C57BL/6JcL mice (CLEA Japan Inc.) were reared and allowed to deliver. Streptozocin (STZ; SIGMA) was administered to Day 2 postnatal C57BL/6JcL mice. STZ (10 mg/ml) was subcutaneously administered at 20 μl/head three times for two days. Thus, a total of 60 μl was administered to the mice. Together with their mothers, the mice were fed with a normal diet until they were four weeks old. After weanling at the age of four weeks, the mice were fed with a High Fat Diet (CLEA Japan Inc.) for two weeks. In the second week, 200 μl of GalNAcST siRNA described in Example 11 was administered into peritoneal cavities once a week (one shot/week) twice in total (for two weeks). On day 14 of the experiment, the mice were dissected and their livers were isolated to prepare samples for gene expression analysis and immunostaining.

Quantitative PCR was carried out by the same method as described in Example 1 using liver tissues. The result is shown in FIG. 52. The expression of GalNAc4S-6ST is enhanced in liver tissues in this model. GalNAcST siRNA administration resulted in significant suppression of the expression.

Example 53 Assessment of Anti-Fibrogenic Effect of GalNAcST siRNA in a Mouse Fatty Liver Disease Model

The expression of fibrogenesis markers in liver tissues was assessed by the same method as described in Example 52. The expression of type I collagen and αSMA was significantly enhanced in this model (FIG. 53), suggesting enhanced fibrotic changes in liver tissues. Meanwhile, the enhanced expression of the fibrogenesis markers was significantly suppressed by administering GalNAcST siRNA.

Example 54 Assessment of GalNAcST siRNA in Fibroblast Infiltration in a Mouse Fatty Liver Disease Model

Next, liver tissues were immunostained by the same method as described in Example 3. A rat anti-mouse fibroblast antibody (clone ER-TR7, 1:500 dilution; BMA) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution; Biosource International, Inc.) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences) was added, and the samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

Examples of obtained images of immunostained liver tissues are shown in FIG. 53. The accumulation of fibroblasts was clearly observed and a bridge formation was confirmed in the histological picture in the control group. In contrast, there was almost no accumulation of fibroblasts in the GalNAcST siRNA-administered group.

Example 55 Assessment of GalNAcST siRNA in Fibrogenic Score in a Mouse Fatty Liver Disease Model

Each of the samples immunohistochemically stained in Example 54 was assessed for the degree of live fibrogenesis using fibrogenesis scores based on previous reports (Dai K, et al., World J. Gactroenterol. 31: 4822-4826, 2005; Hillebrandt S, et al., Nature Genetics 37: 835-843, 2005). The fibrogenesis scores were defined according to the following criteria: 0, normal; 1, few collagen fibrils extend from the central vein; 2, extension of collagen fibrils is apparent but collagen fibrils have not yet encompassed the whole liver; 3, extension of collagen fibrils is apparent and collagen fibrils have encompassed the whole liver; 4, diffuse extension of collagen fibrils is observed in the whole liver and pseudolobules are formed.

The result is shown as a graph in FIG. 55. Each bar indicates mean±standard deviation of the fibrogenesis score in each group. The fibrogenesis was statistically significantly reduced in the GalNAcST siRNA-administered group as compared to the control group (p<0.01; t-test). This finding suggests that GalNAcST siRNA administration also clinically produces a superior liver fibrogenesis-suppressing effect.

Example 56 Assessment of GalNAcST siRNA in Macrophage Infiltration in a Mouse Fatty Liver Disease Model

Next, liver tissues were immunostained by the same method as described in Example 54. A rat anti-mouse F4/80 antibody (clone A3-1, 2 μg/ml; CALTAG LABORATORIES) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution; Biosource International, Inc.) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences) was added, and the samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

Examples of obtained images of immunostained liver tissues are shown in FIG. 56. The accumulation of macrophages was clearly observed in the control group. Formation of inflammatory accumulation lesions were seen in the histological pictures. In contrast, there was no excessive accumulation of macrophages in the GalNAcST siRNA-administered group.

Example 57 Assessment of GalNAcST siRNA in the Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in a Mouse Fatty Liver Disease Model

The expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver was assessed by the same method as described in Example 52. The enhanced expression of carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) and acetyl-CoA carxylase-2 (ACC2) was observed. Meanwhile, the enhanced expression was significantly suppressed in the GalNAcST siRNA-administered group (FIG. 57). This result shows that the glycolipid metabolism can be improved via suppression of fibrotic changes in liver tissues by inhibiting the expression of GAlNAc4ST-1, GalNAc4ST-2, and GalNAc4S-6ST genes.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for improving glycolipid metabolism.

Example 58 Assessment of C4ST-1 siRNA, C4ST-2 siRNA, and C4ST-3 siRNA for Fibroblast Accumulation in a Mouse Fatty Liver Disease Model

A fatty liver disease model was prepared by the same method as described in Example 52. C4ST-1 siRNA, C4ST-2 siRNA, and C4ST-3 siRNA described in Example 21 were administered according to the same administration protocol. Liver tissues were collected from the mice.

Next, liver tissues were immunostained by the same method as described in Example 3. A rat anti-mouse fibroblast antibody (clone ER-TR7, 1:500 dilution; BMA) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution; Biosource International, Inc.) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences) was added, and the samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

Examples of obtained images of immunostained liver tissues are shown in FIG. 58. The accumulation of fibroblasts was clearly observed in the control group. A bridge formation was seen in the histological pictures. In contrast, fibroblast accumulation was not observed in any of the C4ST-1 siRNA-, C4ST-2 siRNA-, and C4ST-3 siRNA-administered group.

Example 59 Assessment of C4ST-1 siRNA, C4ST-2 siRNA, and C4ST-3 siRNA in the Fibrogenic Score in a Mouse Fatty Liver Disease Model

Each sample was assessed for the degree of liver fibrogenesis using the fibrogenesis scores based on the immunohistochemical staining carried out in Example 58. The result is shown in FIG. 59. Each bar indicates mean±standard deviation of the fibrogenesis score in each group. The fibrogenesis was statistically significantly reduced in all of the C4ST-1 siRNA-, C4ST-2 siRNA-, C4ST-3 siRNA-administered groups as compared to the control group (p<0.001; t-test). This finding suggests that the administration of siRNAs against C4ST-1, C4ST-2, or C4ST-3 also clinically produces a superior liver fibrogenesis-suppressing effect.

Example 60 Assessment of C4ST-1 siRNA, C4ST-2 siRNA, and C4ST-3 siRNA in Hepatocyte Disorders in a Mouse Fatty Liver Disease Model

When mice were sacrificed, blood was collected from them according to the protocol as described in Example 58. The blood samples were custom-assayed for the serum alanine transferase (ALT) levels through SRL Inc. The result is shown in FIG. 60. The serum ALT level is the most widely used clinical indicator for hepatocyte destruction. The serum ALT level was elevated in the control group. Meanwhile, the mean value was decreased to 50% or less in each of the C4ST-1 siRNA-, C4ST-2 siRNA-, and C4ST-3 siRNA-administered groups as compared to the control group (FIG. 60). This result demonstrates that hepatocyte damages can be reduced via suppression of fibrotic changes by inhibiting the expression of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, or C4ST-3 gene in liver tissues.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for reducing hepatocyte damage.

Example 61 Assessment of the Anti-Fibrogenic Effect of C6ST siRNA in a Mouse Hepatic Fibrosis Model

In this Example, experiments were carried out using a mouse cirrhosis model induced by carbon tetrachloride, which is the most widely used cirrhosis model. First, the mouse model was prepared as described below. Carbon tetrachloride (25 μl/100 g body weight; Sigma-Aldrich) was injected into peritoneal cavities of C57BL6/J mice (female, five or six weeks old; CLEA Japan Inc.) twice a week for four weeks (eight times) to induce hepatic fibrosis. Then, carbon tetrachloride was additionally administered twice a week for two weeks (a total of 12 times) to induce cirrhosis. Mice with induced cirrhosis were sacrificed, and their livers were collected (cirrhotic livers). Meanwhile, in the control experiment, livers were collected from C57BL6/J mice (female, CLEA Japan Inc.) of the same age without carbon tetrachloride administration (normal livers).

The same C6ST siRNA as described in Example 41 and a control were administered into peritoneal cavities four times at the same time of additional carbon tetrachloride administration (a total four times from the ninth to twelfth administration). After the additional administration, mice in the both groups were sacrificed. Liver tissue sections were prepared from the mice and immunohistochemically assessed. A rat anti-mouse fibroblast antibody (clone ER-TR7, 1:500 dilution; BMA) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, a peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution; Biosource International, Inc.) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences) was added, and the samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The antibody binding was detected by visualizing it as brown signals.

Examples of obtained images of immunostained liver tissues are shown in FIG. 61. The accumulation of fibroblasts was clearly observed in the control group. A bridge formation was shown in the histological pictures. In contrast, there was no accumulation of fibroblasts in any of the C6ST siRNA-administered groups.

Example 62 Assessment of C6ST siRNA in the Fibrogenesis Score in a Mouse Hepatic Fibrosis Model

The degree of liver fibrogenesis in each sample was assessed using the fibrogenesis scores based on the immunohistochemical staining carried out in Example 61. The result is shown in FIG. 62. Each bar indicates mean±standard deviation of the fibrogenesis score in each group. The fibrogenesis was statistically significantly reduced in the C6ST siRNA-administered group as compared to the control group (p<0.05; t-test). This finding suggests that the administration of C4ST-1 siRNA, C4ST-2 siRNA, or C4ST-3 siRNA also produces a clinically beneficial effect of suppressing liver fibrogenesis.

Example 63 Assessment of the Anti-Fibrogenic Effect of C6ST siRNA in a Mouse Hepatic Fibrosis Model

RNA was extracted from liver tissues and quantitative PCR was carried out by the same method as described in Example 1. The result is shown in FIG. 63. The expression of αSMA, type I collagen, CTGF, and TGFβ as fibrogenesis markers was enhanced in the control group. Meanwhile, the expression was significantly suppressed in the C6ST siRNA-administered group. This result suggests that fibrotic changes in liver tissues can be suppressed by inhibiting the expression of C6ST-1 and C6ST-2 genes.

Cranial Nerve Tissue

In these Examples, an MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model was used as a fundamental mouse model for Parkinson's disease. This model is a classical but highly reproducible and simple model, and thus has been widely used as a Parkinson's disease model. The histological features are: infiltration of inflammatory cells into brain parenchymal tissue and reduction in the number of dopamine-producing neurons. Classically, neurofibrillary tangles were thought to be a cause of the reduction in the number of neurons in such pathological conditions.

Thus, such diseases include pathological conditions with neuronal disorders, specifically, not only representative neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, polyglutamine disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal progressive muscular atrophy, spinobulbar muscular atrophy, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis, but also other diseases such as multiple system atrophy (striatonigral degeneration, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, and Shy-Drager syndrome), adrenoleukodystrophy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, Fisher syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Lewis-Sumner syndrome, Crow-Fukase syndrome, normal pressure hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, prion disease (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, and fatal familial insomnia), subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and spinocerebellar degeneration. Such diseases also include posttraumatic cerebral sequelae, sequelae of cerebrovascular disease (cerebral infarction and hemorrhage), sequelae of viral encephalitis, sequelae of bacterial meningitis, sequelae of spinal cord injury, and neurofibrillary tangle in the spinal nerve, peripheral nerve, auditory nerve, and optical nerve, etc. In particular, the above-listed sequelae have long been speculated as a basis for psychiatric disorders such as depression, and thus neurofibrillary tangle is important as a cause of psychiatric symptoms.

Example 64 Assessment of the Anti-Fibrogenic Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA Treatment in a C57BL/6JcL Mouse Parkinson's Disease Model Induced by MPTP

In this Example, a mouse Parkinson's disease model was prepared by selectively degenerating dopamine neurons using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (Amende et al., (2005) Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2(20): 1-13). The mice were administered with GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA, and the gene expression and histological features after treatment was assessed.

Gestational day 14 C57BL/6JcL mice (CLEA Japan Inc.) were reared and allowed to deliver. 1 μg of the same GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA (GeneWorld) as described in Example 1 was combined with 1% atelocollagen (Koken Co.), which is a vehicle for siRNA, and the mixture was administered at 200 μl/head to the peritoneal cavities of C57BL/6JcL mice (female, eight weeks old; CLEA Japan Inc.). Two, three, and four days after administration, MPTP (Sigma Aldrich Japan), which selectively destroys dopamine neurons, was administered to the mice at 30 mg/kg (three times in total). The mice were reared, and on day 8 of the experiment 100 μl of 5 mg/ml BrdU (ZyMED Laboratory Inc.) was administered into the tail vein. After one hour, the mice were dissected and their brains were isolated to prepare samples for immunostaining and gene expression analysis.

The gene expression was assessed quantitatively by the same method as described in Example 1. The result is shown in FIG. 64. The expressions of GalNAc4S-6ST, and TGFβ, type I collagen, and αSMA, which are fibrogenesis markers, are enhanced in brain tissues in the Parkinson's disease model. Meanwhile, the expression was significantly suppressed by GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA administration. This demonstrates that fibrotic changes in brain tissues can be suppressed by inhibiting the expression of GalNAc4S-6ST.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing fibrotic changes in brain tissues.

Example 65 Assessment of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA Treatment for Fibroblast Accumulation in a C57BL/6JcL Mouse Parkinson's Disease Model Induced by MPTP

Brain tissue samples were treated by the same method as described in Example 3 to compare histological features after in vivo administration of GalNAc4S-6ST against fibrogenesis of neurons in the brain. The resulting sections were fixed with 4% PFA-phosphate buffer (Nacalai Tesque) for ten minutes, and then washed with deionized water. An anti-fibroblast antibody (ER-TR7, 1:100 dilution; BMA) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at 4° C. overnight. Then, an Alexa488-labeled goat anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution; Invitrogen) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes.

Images of tissues obtained by the method described above are shown in FIG. 65. The strong positive signals in the untreated group suggest intracranial infiltration of fibroblasts around the granular cortex in the splenium of posterior corpus callosum as compared to the control group. The positive signals of fibroblasts were drastically decreased in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-treated group. The result described above demonstrates that the feature represented by ER-TR7-positive signals in brain tissues induced in the mouse Parkinson's disease model was significantly suppressed by in vivo administration of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA.

Example 66 Assessment of the Neuroprotective Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA Treatment in a C57BL/6JcL Mouse Parkinson's Disease Model Induced by MPTP

Next, to assess whether the above-described fibrogenesis was associated with the decrease of neurons, the expression of nerve regeneration-related genes in brain tissues was quantified by the same method as described in Example 64. The administration of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA resulted in enhanced expression of GDNF, which is a factor that regulates the survival and differentiation of dopamine neurons as well as enhances the regeneration of the neurons, and Nurr1, which is a factor for forming dopamine neurons (FIG. 66). This result suggests that the regeneration of dopamine neurons in brain tissues can be stimulated by inhibiting the expression of GalNAc4S-6ST.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for stimulating the regeneration of dopamine neurons in brain tissues.

Example 67 Assessment of the Neuroprotective Effect of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA Treatment in a C57BL/6JcL Mouse Parkinson's Disease Model Induced by MPTP

To finally verify the results described above in the Examples, histological features of the prepared tissue sample sections were weighed by staining dopamine neurons of the sections with an antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase, which is a marker for dopamine neuron. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is an enzyme that converts the dopamine precursor into dopamine. The sections prepared by the same method as described in Example 64 were fixed with 4% PFA-phosphate buffer (Nacalai Tesque) for ten minutes, and then washed with deionized water. A rabbit anti-tyrosine hydroxylase polyclonal antibody (1:50 dilution; Calbiochem) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. An Alexa488-labeled donkey anti-rabbit antibody (1:200 dilution; Invitrogen) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes.

Histological images for the control, untreated, and GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-treated groups are shown in FIG. 67 (the original images are in color). Normal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was confirmed in the superior colliculus of midbrain in the control group. Meanwhile, the signal for the expression was negative in the untreated group. This finding suggests that MPTP selectively destroyed dopamine neurons. On the other hand, a stronger signal was confirmed in the GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA-treated group as compared to the untreated group. In sum, it was concluded that functional recovery of dopamine neurons can be achieved via suppression of fibrotic changes by in vivo administration of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for recovering the function of dopamine neuron.

Example 68 Assessment of Neuroprotective Effect of GalNAcST siRNA Treatment in a C57BL/6JcL Mouse Parkinson's Disease Model Induced by MPTP

By the same procedure as described in Example 64, gestational day 14 of C57BL/6JcL mice (CLEA Japan Inc.) were reared and allowed to deliver. 1 μg of GalNAcST (a mixture of GalNAc4ST-1, GalNAc4ST-2, and GALNAC4S-6ST cocktail sequences) siRNAs (GeneWorld) was combined with 1% atelocollagen (Koken Co.), which is a vehicle for siRNA, and the resulting mixture was administered at 200 μl/head to the peritoneal cavities of C57BL/6JcL mice (female, eight weeks old; CLEA Japan Inc.). Two, three, and four days after administration, MPTP (Sigma Aldrich Japan), which selectively destroys dopamine neurons, was administered to the mice at 30 mg/kg (three times in total). The mice were reared, and on day 8 of the experiment 100 μl of 5 mg/ml BrdU (ZyMED Laboratory Inc.) was administered into the tail vein. After one hour, the mice were dissected and their brains were isolated to prepare samples for immunostaining and gene expression analysis.

The resulting sections were immunostained with an anti-TH antibody by the same method as described in Example 67. The result is shown in FIG. 68. The result demonstrated that the reduction of TH-positive dopamine neurons was suppressed in the GalNAcST siRNA-treated group. Specifically, like Example 67, it was concluded that function recovery of dopamine neurons can be achieved via suppression of neurofibrillary tangle by inhibiting the expression of GalNAc4ST-1, GalNAc4ST-2, and GalNAc4S-6ST.

The agents of the present invention are thus useful, for example, as agents for suppressing neurofibrillary tangle.

Example 69 Assessment of the Effect of C4-Sulfatase in a Mouse Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy Model Induced by Streptozotocin: Reduction of Sulfated CSPG

Gestational day 14 C57BL/6JcL mice (CLEA Japan Inc.) were reared and allowed to deliver. 10 mg/ml Streptozocin (SIGMA) was subcutaneously administered at 1/head to postnatal Day 2 female C57BL/6JcL mice. The mice were reared with sterile water and CE-2 Diet (CLEA Japan Inc.) until they were four weeks old, and then with sterile water and a High Fat Diet (CLEA Japan Inc.) for subsequent two weeks. In the second week, chondro-4-desulfating enzyme (C4-sulfatase) (20 units/ml; Seikagaku Co.) was administered at 4 units/head or medium (phosphate buffer) was administered into the peritoneal cavities twice a week four times (two weeks). On day 14, eye balls were isolated from mice of both groups and immunohistochemically assayed to assess the effect of C4-sulfatase.

Cryoblocks and sections were prepared from the isolated eye balls. The sections were fixed with acetone (Sigma Aldrich Japan) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. Then, an anti-chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) antibody (clone CS56, mouse monoclonal antibody, 10 μg/ml; Seikagaku Co.) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Next, the secondary antibody reaction was carried out using a Histofine Mouse Stain kit (Nichirei Biosciences; used for mouse monoclonal antibody), and color development was performed by adding DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences). The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems).

The obtained histological pictures are shown in FIG. 69 (the original images are in color). In the untreated group, CS56-positive signals are newly found in the vitreous side of the retina. In contrast, the intensity of CS56 is reduced in the enzyme-treated group. CS56 is an antibody that recognizes a sulfate group, and the reduction is suggested to reflect a decrease of sulfate groups at position 4. The result described above demonstrates that the induced deposition of CSPG in retinal tissues is suppressed via modification by in vivo administration of C4-sulfatase.

C4-sulfatase is an enzyme that desulfates GalNAc at position 4. Thus, it was demonstrated that tissue fibrogenesis at the biological level could be suppressed by inhibiting the sulfation of GalNAc at position 4. Specifically, desulfating enzymes for the sulfate group of GalNAc at position 4 are useful as tissue fibrogenesis inhibitors.

Example 70 Assessment of the Effect of C4-Sulfatase in a Mouse Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy Model Induced by Streptozotocin: Suppression of Vascular Endothelial Cell Proliferation

The sections prepared by the same method as described in Example 69 were fixed with acetone (Sigma Aldrich Japan) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. A rat anti-vascular endothelial cell antibody (CD31; 1:200 dilution; Phamingen) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. Then, a donkey peroxidase-labeled anti-rat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution; Biosource International, Inc.) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, DAB substrate (Nichirei Biosciences) was added to the samples. The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems). The obtained histological pictures are shown in FIG. 70 (the original images are in color). The images show that the number of CD31-positive cells was increased in the vitreous side of the retina and some of them were protruded into the vitreum in the untreated group. This indicates that the model reflects the stage of preproliferative retinopathy in diabetic retinopathy and shows the effectiveness of this model. Meanwhile, the number of CD31-positive cells was significantly reduced in the corresponding region in the enzyme-treated group. In sum, it is suggested that the number of vascular endothelial cells is increased in the vitreous side of the retina in type 2 diabetes model, and that such proliferation of blood vessels can be suppressed by administering C4-sulfatase.

Specifically, desulfating enzymes for the sulfate group at position 4 of GalNAc are useful as an agent for suppressing proliferation of blood vessels.

Example 71 Assessment of the Effect of C4-Sulfatase in a Mouse Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy Model Induced by Streptozotocin: Suppression of Collagen-Proliferative Alteration

The sections prepared by the same method as described in Example 69 were fixed with acetone (Sigma Aldrich Japan) for ten minutes, and then washed with phosphate buffer. A rabbit anti-type IV collagen antibody (1:250 dilution; Sigma) was added as the primary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for one hour. A peroxidase-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:200 dilution; Jackson ImmunoResearch) was added as the secondary antibody, and the sections were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After incubation, DAB substrate (Nichirei) was added to the samples. The samples were observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems).

The obtained histological pictures are shown in FIG. 71 (the original images are in color). In the untreated group, type IV collagen-positive signals were increased in the vitreous side of the retina and arranged parallel to the internal limiting membrane of the retina. This suggests morphological aberration of vein and collagen proliferation, i.e., fibrotic changes. In contrast, type IV collagen proliferation was markedly suppressed in the corresponding region in the enzyme-treated group. This demonstrated that retinal collagen proliferation is observed in the type 2 diabetes model but the collagen proliferation can be suppressed by administering C4-sulfatase.

Specifically, desulfating enzymes for the sulfate group at position 4 of GalNAc are useful as agents for treating type 2 diabetic retinopathy.

Example 72 Localization of Fibroblasts in the Liver of Type 2 Diabetes Model Mouse

The anti-fibrogenic effect (using tissue infiltration of fibroblasts as an indicator) of C4-sulfatase on the liver was assessed in Example 72 using the livers collected from the above-described type 2 diabetes model mice (Examples 69-71). Cryoblock preparation, immunostaining, and such were all achieved by the methods described above. As shown in FIG. 72, infiltration of many fibroblasts was observed in the untreated group. Meanwhile, the degree of fibroblast infiltration was reduced in the C4-sulfatase-treated group as compared to the untreated group. This suggests that C4-sulfatase has the pharmacological effect of suppressing fibroblast infiltration and this effect contributes to the anti-fibrogenic effect.

Specifically, desulfating enzymes for the sulfate group at position 4 of GalNAc are useful as agents for suppressing fibroblast infiltration.

Example 73 Localization of Macrophages in the Liver of Type 2 Diabetes Model Mouse

The anti-inflammatory effect (using tissue infiltration of macrophages as an indicator) of C4-sulfatase on the liver was assessed using the livers collected from the above-described type 2 diabetes model mice (Examples 69-71). Cryoblock preparation, immunostaining, and such were all achieved by the methods described above. As shown in FIG. 73, infiltration of many macrophages accompanying spot formation was observed in the untreated group. Meanwhile, the degree of macrophage infiltration was reduced in the C4-sulfatase-treated group as compared to the untreated group. This result suggests that C4-sulfatase has the pharmacological effect of suppressing macrophage infiltration and this effect contributes to the anti-inflammatory effect.

Specifically, desulfating enzymes for the sulfate group at position 4 of GalNAc are useful as agents for suppressing macrophage infiltration or as anti-inflammatory agents.

Example 74 Serum Biochemical Test Findings on Type 2 Diabetes Model Mice

An additional analysis was carried out in Example 74 to supplement the results of Examples 72 and 73. This Example assayed aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as indicators for liver function, and triacylglycerol (TG) as an indicator for lipid metabolism, using sera collected from the above-described type 2 diabetes model mice (Example 69-71). The result is shown in FIG. 74. Biochemical tests were outsourced. AST, ALT, and TG values all tended to be increased in the untreated group (unt) as compared to the control group (nor). Meanwhile, the increases in the AST, ALT, and TG values tended to be suppressed in the C4-sulfatase-treated group (C4sul) as compared to the untreated group (unt). The result described above supports the results of Examples 72 and 73, suggesting that the liver function is preserved due to the anti-fibrogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of C4-sulfatase.

Specifically, desulfating enzymes for the sulfate group at position 4 of GalNAc are useful as agents for treating liver function disorders.

Example 75 Comparison of CSPG Expression in Brain Tissues in a C57BL/6JcL Mouse Model For Parkinson's Disease Induced by MPDP

The experiments in this Example was performed by preparing a model using MPDP, which is a metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine (MPTP).

On Day 0 and 2, 100 l of 4 U/ml C4-sulfatase (Seikagaku Co.) was administered into the peritoneal cavity of each of C57BL/6JcL mice (female, eight weeks old; CLEA Japan Inc.). Alternatively, 200 l of a mixture of GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA (1 g; Hokkaido System Science Co.) and 1% atelocollagen was pre-administered on Day 0. On Day 2 to 4, MPDP (Sigma Aldrich Japan) was administered at 30 mg/kg every day.

The nucleotide sequence of mouse GalNac4S-6ST siRNA agent used in this Example is shown below, but the sequences are not limited to these examples.

[mouse GalNac4-6ST siRNAs] (Gene Bank accession number NM_029935) (Hokkaido System Science, Co., Ltd.) 5′-gcagcccagcaagaugaauaagauc-ag-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 91) 5′-ua-cgucgggucguucuacuuauucuag-5′ (SEQ ID NO: 92)

On day 8, 100 μl of BrdU 5 μg/mL (ZyMED Laboratory.Inc) was administered into mouse tail vein. One hour after administration, mice were dissected and their brains were isolated to prepare samples for immunostaining and gene expression analysis. 1 ml of RNA-Bee (TEL-TEST) was added to 50 mg each of excised organs (brains). The organs were crushed using an electrical homogenizer (DIGITAL HOMOGENIZER; AS ONE), then, 200 μl of chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich Japan) was added to the resulting suspension. The mixture was gently mixed and then cooled on ice for about five minutes, and centrifuged in a centrifuge (Centrifuge 5417R; Eppendorf) at 12,000 rpm and 4° C. for 15 minutes. After centrifugation, 500 μl of the supernatant was transferred to a fresh eppendorf tube, and an equal volume of isopropanol (500 μl; Sigma-Aldrich Japan) was added thereto. The solution was mixed, and then 1 μl of glycogen (Invitrogen) was added thereto. The mixture was cooled on ice for 15 minutes, and then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm and 4° C. for 15 minutes. Next, RNA precipitate obtained after washing three times with 1,000 μl of 75% ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich Japan) was air-dried for 30 minutes to one hour, and then dissolved in Otsuka distilled water (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd). The solution was 100 times diluted with Otsuka distilled water. The RNA concentrations of extracted samples in UV plates (Corning Costar) were determined using a plate reader (POWER Wave XS; BIO-TEK).

Next, an RT reaction (cDNA synthesis) was conducted by the following procedure. The concentrations of the obtained RNA samples were adjusted to 500 ng/20 μl. The samples were heated at 68° C. for three minutes in a BLOCK INCUBATOR (ASTEC), and cooled on ice for ten minutes. After cooling on ice, 80 μl of RT PreMix solution (composition: 18.64 μl of 25 mM MgCl₂ (Invitrogen), 20 μl of 5× Buffer (Invitrogen), 6.6 μl of 0.1 M DTT (Invitrogen), 10 μl of 10 mM dNTP mix (Invitrogen), 2 μl of RNase Inhibitor (Invitrogen), 1.2 μl of MMLV Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen), 2 μl of Random primer (Invitrogen), and 19.56 μl of sterile distilled water (Otsuka distilled water; Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)), which had been prepared in advance, was added to the samples. The mixtures were heated in a BLOCK INCUBATOR (ASTEC) at 42° C. for one hour and at 99° C. for five minutes, and then cooled on ice. 100 μl of desired cDNAs were prepared and PCR reaction was carried out using the prepared cDNAs in the following composition.

2 μl of PCR Buffer [composition: 166 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄ (Sigma Aldrich Japan), 670 mM Tris pH8.8 (Invitrogen), 67 mM MgCl₂.6H₂O (Sigma Aldrich Japan), 100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (WAKO)], 0.8 μl of 25 mM dNTP mix (Invitrogen), 0.6 μl of DMSO (Sigma Aldrich Japan), 0.2 μl of Primer Forward (GeneWorld), 0.2 μl of Primer Reverse (GeneWorld), 15.7 μl of Otsuka distilled water (Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), 0.1 μl of Taq polymerase (Perkin Elmer), and 1 μl of cDNA obtained as described above were combined, and reacted using Authorized Thermal Cycler (eppendorf) at 30 cycles of 94° C. for 45 seconds, 55° C. for 45 seconds, 72° C. for 60 seconds. After the reaction, the obtained PCR products were combined with 2 μl of Loading Dye (Invitrogen). 1.5% agarose gel was prepared using UltraPure Agarose (Invitrogen), and the samples were electrophoresed in a Mupid-2 plus (ADVANCE) at 100 V for 20 minutes. After electrophoresis, the gel was shaken for 20 minutes in a stain solution prepared by 10,000 times diluting Ethidium Bromide (Invitrogen) with 1× LoTE (composition: 3 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) (Invitrogen), 0.2 mM EDTA (pH 7.5) (Sigma Aldrich Japan)). The gel was photographed with EXILIM (CASIO) positioned on I-Scope WD (ADVANCE) and confirmed the gene expression. Cryoblock preparation, immunostaining, and such were all achieved by the methods described above.

The expression of CSPG in the MPDP-induced Parkinson's disease model was assessed by immunostaining using antibody against CS-56 (an anti-CSPG antibody, 1:100 dilution; Seikagaku Co.). The result is shown in FIG. 75. Strong CSPG-positive signals were observed in the untreated group, as shown in FIG. 75. Meanwhile, the positive signals were reduced in the C4-sulfatase-treated group and gene therapy group.

Example 76 Localization of Dopaminergic Neurons in Brain Tissues in a C57BL/6JcL Mouse Model for Parkinson's Disease Induced by MPDP

To assess the pharmacological effects of C4-sulfatase and GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA on dopaminergic neurons, localization of dopaminergic neurons in the MPDP-induced Parkinson's disease model was analyzed by fluorescent immunostaining using an anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody (1:20 dilution) and an Alexa-488-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (1:200 dilution; Invitrogen) for the secondary antibody. As shown in FIG. 76, the positive signals for dopaminergic neurons localized in brain tissues were weaker in the untreated group as compared to the other groups. Meanwhile, there was no great difference of the positive signal intensity in the C4-sulfatase-treated group and gene therapy group compared to the control group. The result suggests that the protective effect or regeneration/repair-promoting effect on dopaminergic neuron is produced by the administration of C4-sulfatase or the siRNA.

Specifically, inhibitors that act on GalNAc at position 4 or 6 (desulfating enzymes for the sulfate group at position 4 of GalNAc, and GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA) are useful as agents for protecting dopaminergic neurons or as agents for promoting the regeneration/repair of dopaminergic neurons.

Example 77 Analysis of Inflammation-Related Gene Expression in Brain Tissues in a C57BL/6JcL Mouse Parkinson's Disease Model Induced by MPDP

To compare the anti-inflammatory effects of C4-sulfatase and GalNAc siRNA, total RNAs were extracted by the method described above from the same samples used to prepare tissue sections described in Examples 75 and 76, and the expression of TNF- was analyzed by quantitative PCR. For quantitative PCR, SYBR Premix Kit (TAKARA BIO INC.) and Real-time PCR thermal cycler DICE (TAKARA BIO INC.) were used. Conditions of PCR reaction was: 95° C. for 10 seconds, 40 cycles of 95° C. for 5 seconds and 60° C. for 30 seconds, finally, melting curve analysis was conducted. Nucleotide sequences of primers used in the quantitative PCR were described below.

mouse β actin (TAKARA BIO INC.) Forward:  5′-CATCCGTAAAGACCTCTATGCCAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 93)  Reverse:  5′-ATGGAGCCACCGATCCACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 94) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α)  (TAKARA BIO INC.) Forward:  5′-CAGGAGGGAGAACAGAAACTCCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 95) Reverse:  5′-CCTGGTTGGCTGCTTGCTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 96)

As shown in FIG. 77, the expression of TNF-α was suppressed in the C4-sulfatase-treated group as compared to the untreated group. Meanwhile, the gene therapy group only showed a tendency of suppressing the expression. The result described above demonstrates that C4-sulfatase has the activity of suppressing inflammation.

Specifically, desulfating enzymes for the sulfate group at position 4 of GalNAc are useful as anti-inflammatory agents.

Example 78 Analysis of Inflammation-Related Genes for their Expression in Brain Tissues in a C57BL/6JcL Mouse Parkinson's Disease Model Induced by MPDP

To complement the results described in Example 77, Examination was conducted using Nurr1, which is a gene involved in the generation of dopaminergic neurons, as a marker in this Example. The effects of C4-sulfatase and GalNAc4S-6ST were evaluated by the above-described quantitative PCR. The result is described below. The nucleotide sequences of primers used are as follows:

Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 Group  A member 2 (Nurr1): (TAKARA BIO INC.) Forward:  5′-CTGCCCTGGCTATGGTCACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 97) Reverse:  5′-AGACAGGTAGTTGGGTCGGTTCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 98)

As shown in FIG. 78, the expression level of Nurr1 was significantly elevated in the C4-sulfatase-treated group and gene therapy group as compared to the untreated group (P<0.001). This result supports the result described in Example 76 and shows the dopaminergic neuron-protecting effect or dopaminergic neuron regeneration/repair-promoting effect by administration of C4-sulfatase or the siRNA.

Specifically, inhibitors that act on GalNAc at position 4 or 6 (desulfating enzymes for the sulfate group at position 4 of GalNAc, and GalNAc4S-6ST siRNA) are useful as agents for protecting dopaminergic neurons or as agents for promoting the regeneration/repair of dopaminergic neurons.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention provides agents for suppressing fibrogenesis at the physiological tissue level through inhibiting the functions of sugar chain-related genes. The agents are useful for treating or preventing tissue fibrogenic disorders.

Chronic tissue fibrogenesis (fibrogenic tissue alterations) can develop in any organ in the body, and is a general term for a group of diseases that cause organ dysfunctions, leading to death (review: Wynn T A, J. Clin. Invest. 117: 524-529, 2007).

Fibrogenic disorders are thought to be a terminal stage of chronic inflammation and can develop in any organ of the body. “Fibrogenic disorders” is a general term for a group of diseases that cause organ dysfunctions, leading to death. Fibrogenesis and the resulting dysfunctions are suspected to be the root of diseases with a high mortality rate, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. There is a view that 45% of deaths are caused by fibrogenesis in Western countries. Under this view, causes of individual death from disease are summarized into three groups: cancer, infections, and fibrogenesis. In addition to the conventional definitions of fibrogenic disorders such as cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and nephrosclerosis, a wide variety of diseases (mainly chronic diseases and excluding cancer and infections), can be defined as “fibrogenic disorders”. Particularly, recent changes in lifestyle habits (commonly called “Westernization”) have led to a rapid increase of new life-threatening diseases (disease concepts) such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The finding that the diseases are caused by tissue fibrogenesis suggests the urgency of establishing therapeutic agents for “fibrogenic disorders”. To date, however, only transplantation and artificial organs are available and there is no fundamental therapeutic method. This is a very urgent problem to be solved.

The present invention provides techniques for suppressing fibrogenic disorders (fibrogenic tissue lesions and resulting dysfunctions) based on a completely new method that targets the recently-identified sugar chain-related genes, functions of which were unknown.

Fibrogenic disorders that lead to clinically intractable dysfunctions are not only a deciding factor of death, but are also disorders that severely impair the daily quality of life (QOL). Thus, it is very important to establish tissue fibrogenesis-suppressing agents. However, no such agents are commercially available to date. Dedicated experimental studies are being conducted to assess TGF- inhibitors, angiotensin inhibitors, inflammatory cytokine inhibitors, TLR inhibitors, MMP inhibitors, and the like. Still, however, their efficacy has not yet been established (review: Wynn T A, J. Clin. Invest. 117: 524-529, 2007).

The present inventors administered inhibitors that target sugar chain-related genes to subjects, which were model animals for fibrogenic disorders of various organs, in order to relieve fibrogenic lesions and to restore organ function.

The fibrogenic disorders were definitively confirmed based on histopathological features (including immunostaining for fibroblasts or collagen, and Masson staining). The therapeutic effect (fibrogenesis inhibitory effect) was determined based on clinical symptoms and the expression level of collagen in each organ, in addition to the histopathological features.

The therapeutic effect was proven by using as a technical method direct gene knockdown with nucleic acid pharmaceuticals (siRNA) against sugar chain-related genes. 

1. A tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, comprising: an siRNA that suppresses the expression of the sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of the N-acetylgalactosamine. 2.-6. (canceled)
 7. A method of screening for a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises the step of selecting a compound that inhibits sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine that constitutes a sugar chain.
 8. A method of screening for a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises the steps of: (a) contacting a test compound with N-acetylgalactosamine or a sugar chain comprising N-acetylgalactosamine; (b) determining the degree of sulfation at position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine; and (c) selecting a compound that reduces the degree of sulfation as compared to when the test compound is not contacted.
 9. A method of screening for a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises the steps of: (a) contacting a test compound with a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine; (b) determining the sulfotransferase activity of the enzyme; and (c) selecting a compound that reduces the activity as compared to when the test compound is not contacted.
 10. A method of screening for a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises the steps of: (a) contacting a test compound with a cell expressing a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine; (b) determining the expression level of the gene in the cell; and (c) selecting a compound that reduces the expression level of the gene as compared to when the test compound is not contacted.
 11. A method of screening for a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent, which comprises the steps of: (a) contacting a test compound with a cell or cell extract containing a DNA wherein a reporter gene is operably linked to the transcriptional regulatory region of the gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine; (b) determining the expression level of the reporter gene; and (c) selecting a compound that reduces the expression level of the reporter gene as compared to when the test compound is not contacted.
 12. A method of producing a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing a fibrogenic disorder, which comprises the steps of: (a) selecting a tissue fibrogenesis suppressing-agent from test compounds by the method of claim 11; and (b) combining the agent with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 13. A method of treating a fibrogenic disorder, comprising: identifying a subject as suffering from a fibrogenic disorder of a tissue selected from the group consisting of cardiac tissue, gastrointestinal tissue, lung tissue, pancreatic tissue, kidney tissue, ocular tissue, cranial nerve tissue, and skin tissue; administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an siRNA that suppresses expression of a gene encoding a sulfotransferase that transfers a sulfate to position 4 or 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine; wherein the siRNA suppresses expression of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a C4ST-1 gene (SEQ ID NO:6), a C4ST-2 gene (SEQ ID NO:8), and a C4ST-3 gene (SEQ ID NO:10). 